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Medicine 1 > Week 4 - Tissues of the body > Flashcards

Week 4 - Tissues of the body Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the cell cytoskeleton?

A
  • Actin microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermmediate filaments
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2
Q

What are actin microfilaments?

A

Polar, double stranded helical array of G actin (7nm diameter)

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3
Q

What are microtubules in cell cytoskeleton?

A

Dimers of alpha and beta tubulin arraged as hollow cylinders (25nm diameter)

Require MTOC for assembly

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4
Q

What are intermmediate filaments?

A

Rope-like twisted fibres of various proteins (10nm diameter)

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5
Q

What are all of these parts?

A
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6
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Groupings of microtubules arranged in 9 + 0 pattern

Organise assembly of microtubules which help movement of chromosomes during cell division

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7
Q

What are the properties of tight junctions (zona occludens)?

A
  • Pentalaminar (5 layered)
  • Continuous line of intramembranous particles (occludins, claudins, junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)
  • Prevent movement of membrane from apical surface to lateral cell surface
  • Limit movement of water and molecules through intercellular space
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8
Q

What are the properties of adherent junctions (zona adherens)?

A
  • 20nm gap
  • Cell adhesion molecules (cadherins, integrins, selectins, immunoglobulin superfamily)
  • Provide mechanical stability by linking cytoskeleton of adjacent cells
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9
Q

What are the properties of desmosomes (macula adherens)?

A
  • 20nm gap
  • Discoid
  • Desmocollin and desmoglein between cells
  • Intracellular attachment plaques
  • Link to intermediate filaments in cytoplasm
  • Perpendicular to basement membrane
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10
Q

What are the properties of hemidesmosomes?

A

Face basement membrane

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11
Q

What are the properties of gap junctions (communicating junction)?

A
  • Allow direct communication between adjacent cells
  • Allow passage of ions, AA’s, sugars, secon messengers and metabolites
  • Permits coordinated cell activity
  • Made of pretieins (connexions) which assemble into channels (connexons)
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12
Q

What are the properties of ground substance?

A
  • Occupies large volume for small mass
  • Hydrophilic
  • GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)
    • Acidic
    • Negatively charged hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulphydryl groups
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13
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous molecules and their properties?

A

Collagen

  • Tensile strength
  • Secreted as tropocollagen and extracellularly polymerised to form collagen

Reticulin

  • Type 3 collagen - branched

Elastin

  • Stretch and elastic recoil
  • Tropoelastin polymerises to elastin
  • Requires fibrillin for assembly
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14
Q

What are the 2 different types of structural glycoproteins and their properties?

A

Filamentous

  • Fibrillin (microfibrils 8-12nm) - links to elastin
  • Fibronectin - deposition and orientation of collagen and its links to cells via integrin

Non-filamentous (links cells and ECM)

  • Laminin - major basement membrane component
  • Entactin - binds laminin to type 4 collagen
  • Tenascin - binds to integrins
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15
Q

What separates epithelia from underlying ECM?

A

Basement membranes

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16
Q

What are the 3 surface specialisations of epithelia?

A
  • Ciliated
  • Microvilli
  • Keratinised
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17
Q

What are the 4 different shapes of epithelial cells?

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Transitional
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18
Q

What are the 3 different layer types of epithelia?

A
  • Simple
  • Stratified
  • Pseudostratified
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19
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelial cells found?

A

Terminal air sacs and part of kidney tubules

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20
Q

Where are simple squamous mesothelial cells found?

A

Linings of body cavities and covering organs within

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21
Q

Where are simple squamous endothelial cells found?

A

Lining of blood vessels and lymphatics

22
Q

What are the properties of stratified squamous cells?

A

May be keratinised or non-keratinised

23
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal cells found?

A

Some dubts of sweat glands

24
Q

Where are stratified columnar cells found?

A

Ducts of mammary glands and larger ducts of salivary glands

25
Q

Where are simple cuboidal cells found?

A

Many glands and portions of their ducts

26
Q

Where are simple columnar cells found?

A

Gall bladder, surface of stomach, uterus and oviduct

27
Q

Where is transitional eputhelium found?

A

Urinary tract, pelvis of kidney, ureter, bladder and part of urethra

28
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells found?

A

Respiratory passages to bronchioles, male reproductive tract from efferent ducts to vas deferens

29
Q

What is the funciton of simple epithelia?

A

Absorption

30
Q

What is the function of stratified epithelium?

A

Protective

31
Q

What are other functions of epithelium?

A
  • Secretion
  • Sensory perception
  • Movement of materials
  • Wound repair
32
Q

What are the properties of microvilli?

A
  • Apical plasma membrane
  • Increase surface area
  • Core of microfilaments
  • Anchored in terminal web
33
Q

What are the properties of cilia?

A
  • Apical surface
  • Very numerous
  • Transport material across surface
  • Microtubules
34
Q

What are the properties of stereocilia?

A
  • Non-motile
  • Microfilament core - modified microvilli
35
Q

What is the function of basal infoldings?

A

Increase surface area

36
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Secrete out of body via ducts

37
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Do not have ducts but secrete directly into the body, into blood capillaries

38
Q

How can exocrine glands be classified?

A
  • Tubular
  • Acinar
  • Tubulo-acinar
  • Simple
  • Compound
39
Q

What are the different types of secretions from serous, mucous and mixed glands?

A

Serous = watery fluid

Mucous = more viscous containing mucin

Mixed = micture of serous and mucous fluids

40
Q

What are eccrine glands?

A

Glandular cells aren’t injured upon secretion

41
Q

How do apocrine glands work?

A
  • Secretion gathers at outer apical end of secretory cell
  • Is pinched off with a portion of the cellcytoplasm
  • Most of cell is unaffected
  • Cycle repeats after refractory period
42
Q

How do holocrine glands work?

A
  • Accumulation of secretion within cell cytoplasm
  • Cells die
  • Dead cells dischargedwith secretion contained in them
43
Q

How do endocrine cells store their products?

A
  • Intracellular storage
    • In form of intracytoplasmic storage granules
    • Secreted directly into blood capillaries
  • Extracellular storage
    • Within an intercellular follicle surrounded by secretory cells
    • Secretes into follicle
    • Re-uptake into cytoplasm
    • Secretion into capillaries in contact with basal ends of secretory cells
44
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane?

A
  • Controls spread of disease and infection
  • Boundary between epithelia (basal lamina), muscle and nerve (external lamina) and connective (support) tissue
  • Condensed layer of ECM
  • Impenetrable barrier but permits flwo of nutrients and metabolites (molecular sieve)
  • Constituents = heparan sulphate, type 4 collagen, fibronectin, laminin, enactin
45
Q

What are the characteristic of connective tissue?

A
  • Cells often separated by ECM
  • Contains blood vessels and nerves
  • Cells may communicate
  • Cells often have slow turnover
  • Cells interact with ECm (adhesion molecules)
46
Q

What is the most important cell in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

47
Q

What cells are derived from mesenchyme?

A
  • Fibroblasts (responsible from synthesis and maintenance of ECM)
  • Adipocytes
  • Defence cells
48
Q

How do you classify connective tissue?

A
  • Mesenchyme (embryonic)
  • Loose areolar
  • Dense (mechanical support) –> iregular or regular
  • Reticular
  • Adipose
49
Q

What are connective tissue diseases example?

A
  • Elhers-Danlos syndrome
  • Marfans syndrome
  • Scurvy
  • Homocystinuria
  • Mucopolysaccharidoses
  • Fibroma
50
Q

What are the components of cartilage?

A
  • Ground substance
  • Fibres
    • Type 2 collagen - hyaline cartilage
    • Type 2 + 1 collagen - fibrocartilage
    • Type 2 + elastic - elastic cartilage
  • Chondroblasts (secrete matrix)
  • Chondrocytes (maintain matrix)
51
Q

How is cartilaged maintained and grown?

A
  • Matrix permeable to water
    • Delivers oxygen and nutrients
    • Waste products removed
  • Mainly non-vascular
    • Relies on diffusion
  • Grows by intersaitital and appositional growth
52
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage and their properties?

A
  • Hyaline
    • Articular surfaces, tracheal rings etc.
  • Fibrocartilage
    • Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
  • Elastic cartilage
    • External ear, auditory canal, epiglottis etc.

Medicine 1 (28 decks)

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