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HUBS1403 > Week 5 - Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Week 5 - Cells and Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Tissue

A

an organised aggregation of cells (and their products) that function collectively

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2
Q

What are the four tissue types?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous

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3
Q

Define epithelial tissue.

A

Sheets of cells that cover the exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways and form certain glands.

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4
Q

Define connective tissue.

A

Bonds cells and organs of body together and functions in protection, support and integration of all parts of body.

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5
Q

Define muscular tissue.

A

Is excitable, responds to stimuli and contracts to provide movement, has three major types (smooth, skeletal and cardiac).

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6
Q

Define nervous tissue

A

Excitable, allows propagation of nerve impulses to allow communication between different regions of the body.

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7
Q

What is a tissue membrane?

A

A thin layer of cells that cover the outside of the body, the organs, internal passageways that lead to exterior of body, and lining of moveable joint cavities.

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8
Q

What are the two types of tissue membranes

A

Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes

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9
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

A type of epithelial membrane which is composed of mesothelioma (mesodermally derived epithelial tissue) supported by a layer of connective tissue.

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10
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane?

A

The cutaneous membrane is the membrane which comprises the skin

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of epithelial membranes?

A

Comprised of epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue, the layer of the epithelial tissue line body cavities and hollow passageways that open into external environments. Covered by mucous secreted by epithelial exocrine glands.

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12
Q

What are the six types of cell to cell junctions?

A

Gap, tight, hemidesmosomes, desmosomes, adherens, anchoring

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13
Q

Describe tight junctions.

A

Interlocking membrane proteins fuse adjacent cells together, prevents the passage of water and solutes between cells
Eg/ epithelium lining intestinal tract

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14
Q

Describe anchoring junctions

A

Contains plaque (layer of protein connecting membrane proteins to microfilaments of cytoskeleton), provide strong and flexible connections, resist separation during contractile activities, three types: desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and adherens

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15
Q

Describe desmosomes

A

Occur in patches in membranes of cells, patches are made up of structural proteins on inner surface of cell membrane, cadherin (adhesion molecule) is embedded in patches and projects through cell membrane to link with other cadherin molecules of adjacent cells eg/ cardiac muscle

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16
Q

Describe hemidesmosomes.

A

Link cells to extracellular matrix, contains adhesion protein integrins instead of cadherin, look like half a desmosome

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17
Q

Describe Adherins.

A

Use integrins or cadherins depending on what they are linking to, junction characterised by presence of contractile protein actin located on cytoplasmic surface of cell membrane, actin can connect isolated patches or form belt like structure inside cell

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18
Q

Describe Gap Junctions

A

Form intercellular passageways between membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate movement of small molecules and ions between cytoplasm of adjacent cells

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19
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Provide body with line of defence, allow selective control of materials across a physical barrier, secretion, sensation

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20
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified?

A

By shape (squamous, columnar, and cuboidal), and by layers (simple, stratified and pseudostratified).

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21
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium and where can it be found?

A

Allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substance. Located in air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

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22
Q

What is the location and function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretes and absorbs. Located in the ducts and secretory portion of small glands and in kidney tubules

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23
Q

What is the location and function of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

A

Absorbs and also secretes mucous and enzymes. Cililated tissues located in: uterine tubes, bronchi and uterus. Non-Ciliated located in: digestive tract and bladder

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24
Q

What is the location and function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Secretes mucous, Ciliated tissue moves mucous. Ciliated tissue line trachea and much of upper respiratory tract.

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25
What is the location and function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Protects against abrasion, lines esophagus, mouth and vagina.
26
What is the location and function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Protective tissue found in sweat gland, salivary glands and mammary glands
27
What is the function and location of stratified columnar epithelium?
Secretes and protects. Found in male urethra and ducts of some glands
28
What is the function and location of transitional epithelium?
Allows urinary organs to expand and stretch, lines the bladder, urthera and ureters.
29
What is an exocrine gland?
A gland that releases its contents through a duct that leads to the epithelial surface
30
Where are simple alveolar glands found?
Not found in adults, is a prerequisite of simple branched glands
31
What is the purpose of simple branched alveolar?
Sebaceous (oil) glands
32
Where are simple tubular ducts found?
Intestinal glands
33
Where are simple coiled tubular glands found?
Merocrine sweat glands
34
Where are simple branched tubular glands found?
Gastric and mucous glands of the esophagus, tongue and duodenum
35
Where are compound alveolar ducts found?
Mammary glands.
36
Where are compound tubuloalveolar ducts found?
Salivatory glands; glands of respiratory passages; and pancreas.
37
Where are compound tubular ducts found?
Mucous glands (in mouth), bulbourethral glands (in male reproductive system), and testes (seminiferous tubules).
38
What are the two categories of exocrine glands?
Unicellular or multicellular.
39
What are the characteristics of unicellular exocrine glands?
Scattered single cells
40
What are the characteristics of multicellular exocrine glands?
Serous glands develop from simple epithelium, line internal cavities, release secretions directly into cavities or through tubular ducts.
41
Describe merocrine secretions.
Secretions are inclosed in vesicles that move to the apical surface of the cell, which is then released by exocytosis.
42
Describe the process of Apocrine Secretion.
The secretion accumulates near the apical portion of cell, the apical portion of the cell and its contents are ‘pinched off’ and released. Little damage is done to cell.
43
Describe the process of holocrine secretion.
Cell accumulates secretory products and releases them by rupturing and destroying the entire gland. Mature cell dies.
44
What are the four kinds of membranes in the human body?
Mucous, serous, synovial and cutaneous.
45
What is the function of mucous membranes?
Line passageways that communicate with the exterior, produces mucous.
46
What is the function of serous membranes?
Line internal cavities that do not open to the outside, divided into parietal (inner surface of cavity) and visceral (lines outer surface of organ) portions, minimises friction between opposing parietal and visceral surfaces.
47
What are the functions of synovial membranes?
Line joint cavities, secrete synovial fluid.
48
What is the function of cutaneous membrane?
Covers the surface of the body creating a barrier, composed of two main layers (dermis and epidermis).
49
What are the five groups of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, liquid connective tissue, cartilage and bone.
50
What are the 3 kinds of loose connective tissue?
1. Areolar tissue 2.adipose tissue 3.reticular connective tissue
51
What are the 3 kinds of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, elastic connective tissue
52
What are the 3 kinds of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage.
53
What are the two kinds of liquid connective tissue?
Blood and Lymph.
54
What is the role of fibroblasts, adipocytes and immune cells in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts: secrete proteoglycans - interact with ECF to form ground substance and secrete protein subunits of extracellular fibres Adipocytes: fat cells which contain large lipids droplets Immune cells: some are permanent, some are migratory; survey for foreign objects.
55
Why does the human body need different cell types?
Cells are specialised depending on the function they perform. The human body must perform multiple different functions thus require it multiple different types of cells to perform those specialised functions.
56
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Provides support, protects internal organs, assists body movements, stores and releases salts of calcium and phosphorus, participates in blood cell production, stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow bone marrow
57
What are the components of the skeletal system?
Bone, ligaments, tendons and joints
58
What are ligaments?
Dense fibrous tissue, connect w/ ends of bones together to form a joint
59
What are tendons?
Tough flexible band of fibrous connective tissue connects muscles to bones
60
What are the 4 cells of bone tissue and their function?
Osteoprogenitor cell: develops into osteoblast Osteoblast: forms bone extracellular matrix Osteocyte: maintains bone tissue Osteoclast: function in the reabsorption and breakdown of bone extracellular matrix
61
What are bones composed of?
Bone tissue (can be compact or spongy), blood (red bone marrow and blood vessels), dense connective tissue (endosteum and peristeum), adipose tissue (yellow bone marrow), cartilage, nervous tissue.
62
What is compact bone?
Hard external layer of all bones surrounding the medulla cavity, composed of osteons.
63
What is the structure of an osteon?
Collagen fibres and mineral salts align and run in opposite directions from one layer to another. Layers (lamella) surround the central (Haversian canal) which contains arteries, capillaries, veins and nerve fibre.
64
What is the structure of spongy bone?
Consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small irregular cavities which contains arteries red bone marrow
65
What is the structure and function of long bones?
Diaphysis: central cyclindrial part of long bone made primarily of compact bone, houses medulla cavity and provides strength and support Epiphysis: expanded end of long bone covered in articulation cartilage (for smooth movement), contain spongy bone and red bone marrow. Metaphysis: region between epiphysis and diaphysis which contains the growth plate. Periosteum: fibrous membrane that occurs outside of bone, excluding epiphysis, provides surface for tendon and ligament attachment. Articulated Cartilage: smooth line layer of hyaline cartilage which cover the epiphysis, reducing friction and absorbing shock at joints
66
What is the main difference between compact and spongy bone?
Spongy bone composed of trabeculae whereas compact bone are composed of osteons.
67
What are the components of blood?
Plasma, Red blood cells (RBC), White blood cells and Platelets
68
What is plasma?
Composed of water salts, proteins and dissolved substances; carries nutrients and wastes.
69
What are Red blood cells?
Carry oxygen from lungs to rest of body, and CO2 back to lungs to be expelled.
70
What are white blood cells?
Part of the immune system, help fight off infections, come in many different types.
71
What are platelets?
Help to stop bleeding by forming clots in injured blood vessels.
72
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, initiates immune response if abnormal cells or pathogens are detected.
73
What is the sequence of fluid flow?
Blood capillaries (blood plasma) > interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid) > lymphatic capillaries (lymph) > lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes (lymph) > lymphatic ducts (lymph) > junction of jugular and subclavian veins (blood plasma)
74
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph, lymphatic organs, collecting ducts.
75
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
Thin-walled tubes that carry lymph throughout the body.
76
What is lymph conposed of?
WBC, proteins, salts, glucose, fates, and water.
77
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Bean-shaped organs that filter lymph and trap pathogens
78
What are examples of lymphatic organs and their function?
Spleen: filters blood and produces lymphocytes Tonsils: help trap pathogens Thymus: plays role in T cell development Bone Marrow: Produces WBC

HUBS1403 (12 decks)

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