week 5 reader Flashcards
(42 cards)
2
Q
interstitial fluid
A
- a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells + is found in the interstitial spaces
- main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid
- e.g. interstitial fluid is where you have swelling when a bug bites; also where edema occurs
3
Q
interstitial space
A
space b/w cell + capillary where interstitial fluid is located
4
Q
lymphocytopenia
A
- lower than normal level of lymphocytes in blood, which makes you more prone to fungal + viral infections (whereas low overall WBC count means you would be more prone to bacterial infections)
- associated with increased rates of infection after surgery or trauma
- in HIV patients, low T cell lymphocytes occurs when the HIV virus infects and destroys T cells (specifically, the CD4+ subgroup of T lymphocytes), which are a key part of the immune system
5
Q
lymphocytosis
A
- higher than normal level of lymphocytes in blood
- a high lymphocyte coount is usually a sign of a viral infection and indicates that you are in the process of fighting a virus (in some rare case, leukemias are found through an abnormally raised lymphocyte count in an otherwise normal person)
- a high lymphocyte count with a low neutrophil count might be caused by lymphoma
6
Q
lymphocytopenia vs. lymphocytosis
A
the two words are antonyms:
- lymphocytopenia is a general decrease in # of lymphocytes
- lymphocytosis is a general increase in # of lymphocytes
7
Q
neutropenia
A
- a hematological disorder characterized by an abnormally low # of neutrophil graculocytes (a type of WBC)
- patients with neutropenia are more susceptible to bacterial infections (b/c neutrophils usu. make up 50-70% of circulating WBC’s and serve as the primary defense against infections by destroying bacteria in the blood)
8
Q
dendritic cell
A
- dendritic cells can capture antigens + associated peptides using special receptors; the cells then process + display the peptides so that the immune cells organize a response against anything that has that peptide, including cancer cells
- main function is to process antigen material + present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system.
- dentritic cells communicate w/ the whole immune system, acting as messengers between the innate + adaptive immunity
- you can stimulate them using massage + touch therapy
- so-called because the long arm resembles the dendrite of neurons
9
Q
leukopenia
A
- a decrease in # of circulating WBC’s (leukocytes) in blood, which places you at increased risk of infection
- aka leukocytopenia, or leucopenia
10
Q
leukocytosis
A
- an increase in # of circulating WBCs (leukocytes) in blood
- usu. a discrimating sign that indicates bacterial infection
11
Q
leukopenia vs. leukocytosis
A
the two words are antonyms:
- leukopenia is a general decrease in # of leukocytes
- leukocytosis is a general increase in # of leukocytes
12
Q
lymphadenopathy
A
- refers to “swollen/enlarged lymph nodes” (although the term means “disease of the lymph nodes”)
- could be due to infection, auto-immune disease, or malignancy
- e.g. “cat scratch disease” where location of swollen lymph nodes indicates area of infection due to bacteria from cat scratch
13
Q
lymphoma
A
a tumor of the lymphatic system
14
Q
burkitt’s lymphoma
A
- a lymphatic cancer that has special affinity for metastizing quickly + growing in bones
- assoc. w/ epstein-barr virus
- first discovered in equatorial africa
15
Q
lymphangitis
A
- an inflammation or infection of the lymphatic channels that occurs as a result of infection at a site distal to the channel
- most common cause is Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A strep)
- signs and symptoms include a deep reddening of the skin, warmth, lymphadenitis, and a raised border around the affected area; the person may also have chills and a high fever along with moderate pain and swelling
16
Q
large lymphangioma
A
- a tumor of the lymph system that develops enlarged lymph nodes
- 90% occur in children less than 2 years of age and involve the head and neck
- lymphangiomas are commonly diagnosed before birth using fetal ultrasonography; acquired lymphangiomas may result from trauma, inflammation, or lymphatic obstruction
- since most are benign lesions that result only in a soft, slow-growing, “doughy” mass, they are usually treated for cosmetic reasons only
17
Q
cardiovascular system
A
- an organ system that moves substances to/from cells; to/from heart
- general circulation + pulmonary circulation
- in pulmonary circulation, L side of heart collects blood from lung while R side collects blood from veinous system
18
Q
artery vs. vein
A
- MUSCULAR TISSUE - arteries have tremendous amount of myo tissue b/c need to conract + dilate; veins don’t need as much myo b/c only function is to collect blood + bring it back to heart
- VALVES - veins have valves that allow blood to only flow one way (like 2 shirt pockets kissing); movement of valves helps circulate blood in veins
19
Q
diastole
A
when heart myo relaxes + allows blood to collect in ventricle + atrium
20
Q
systole
A
when heart myo contracts, sending blood from the L ventricle to the aorta + body, and from the R ventricle to the lungs
21
Q
diastole vs. systole
A
- atrial diastole occurs during ventricle systole
- atrial systole occurs during ventricle diastole
diastole = relaxation systole = contraction
22
Q
fibrillation
A
- rapid, irrecular + unsynchronized contraction of myo fibers (b/c myo is made of many diff. fibers)
- e.g. can happen with twitching of the eye when tired
” fibrille” = fibers
23
Q
fibrillation in heart
A
- heart myo is not voluntary, and all myo fibers need to work together as one cell for proper function
- ventricular fibrillation is when myo fibers of ventricles are not synchronized – this is a common cause of cardiac arrest and is usually fatal if not reversed by defibrillation; also happens at the moment of death
- atrial fibrillation is a common chronic condition + can be treated
24
Q
myositis
A
inflammation or infection of muscle, likely caused by autoimmune conditions
25
Q
myasteria gravis (MG)
A
- a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating weakness + fatiguability
- causes gradual + progressive weakening of myo (one of first signs is droopy eyelid)
- a genetic condition; associated w/ various autoimmune diseases including thyroid diseases (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis + Graves’ disease), diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus
"myastheneia" = muscle disease "gravis" = serious
26
myotome
1. any of cells in early embryos that give rise to all the myo of the body
2. group of myo that is supplied by a nerve of the spine (more common definition) -- e.g. sciatic nerve (in Chinese Medicine, sciatica is caused by anger; sciatic nerve is site of gall bladder channel; LIV + GB are a pair; represed anger leads to issues in LIV + GB
27
arthromyalgia
muscle + joint pain
28
atrophy
shrinking in size of some structure or organ of body, usu. caused by injury, disease or lack of use -- e.g. polio where nerve damage leads to myo damage
"trophane" = to nourish
29
hypotrophy
UNDERdeveloping in size of some structure or organ of body, usu. caused by disease or lack of use or hormonal deficiency
30
hypothrophy vs. achondroplasia
- hypotrophy is where torso + limbs are still proportionate (e.g. mini-me)
- achondroplasia is where body parts oare dis-proportionate (e.g. Peter Dinklage)
31
hypertrophy
OVERdeveloping in size of some structure or organ of body, usu. caused by excess of use or hormonal overstimulation -- e.g. weight lifters who use hormone injections
32
peri- (prefix)
around
33
pericarditis
- inflammation of heart sac (pericardiam); a characteristic chest pain is often present.
- hypertrophy of heart leads to cardiovascular disease that may lead to heart attack (problem is that blood vessels don't grow at the same rate as muscle, and there can be an accumulation of fluid b/w pericardium + heart)
- common in athletes of endurance sports
34
serosa
- a serous membrane, especially one that lines the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, enclosing their contents
- serosa protects the heart from rubbing w/ other organs
35
perianal
around the anus -- e.g. perianal infection
36
perimenopausal
around the time of menopause
37
perinatal
around the time of birth
38
periostium
a sheet or membrane that surrounds outer surface of bone (endosteum lines the inner surface of bone)
39
peritoneum
- the serous membrane that lines walls of abdominal cavity + folds inward to enclose the viscera
- both supports abdominal organs + serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels + nerves
40
borborygmus
a rumbling noise produced by movement of gas thru intestines
| onomatopoeia
41
hematochezia
passage of stools containing blood
```
"hemat" = blood
"chezo" = feces
```
42
hematemesis
vomiting of blood
```
"hemat" = blood
"emesis" = vomiting
```
42
lymphatic system
- a complex network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that produce + transport lymph from tissues to the circulatory system
- a major component of the immune system
