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medical terminology > week 6 reader A > Flashcards

week 6 reader A Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acronym

A
  • word formed from initial letters or groups of letters of words in a set phrase or series of words
  • e.g. WASP = white anglo saxon protestant
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2
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

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3
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

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4
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

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5
Q

PCP

A

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

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6
Q

b.i.d.

A

twice a day (Latin: bis in die)

three times a day would be t.i.d.

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7
Q

shorthand

A
  • method of rapid handwriting using simple strokes, abbreviations, or symbols that designate letters, words, or phrases
  • often used by medical practitioners & acupuncturists alike to speed up note-taking
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8
Q

CMV

A

cytomegalovirus

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9
Q

T3

A

T3 = triiodiothyronine

T3 is active form of thryoid hormone, and is 3-4 times more potent than T4

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10
Q

T4

A

T4 = tetraiodothyronine

ratio of T4 to T3 in blood is 20 to 1; T4 is converted to the active T3 within cells

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11
Q

pneumology

A

branch of medicine concerned w/ lung function + disease

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12
Q

nose

A

includes:

  1. nostrils or nares (first opening of respiratory system),
  2. nosehairs (which catch airborne particles + prevent them from reaching lungs)
  3. olfactory mucosa
  4. sinuses
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13
Q

nasal passage

A

divided by long bones called turbinates

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14
Q

turbinates (aka nasal concha)

A
  • a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) that gets smaller at back of throat, divide the nasal airway into 3 groove-like air passages, and creates turbulence to fulfill functions of nasal passage:
    1. moisten, filter, warm air (via cilia)
    2. trap debris in air (via mucus)
    3. sense of smell
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15
Q

sinuses

A
  • passages in cranium bones that provide a resonant cage for the voice (are remnants from dinosaurs)
  • a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue, or an abnormal cavity or passage caused by the destruction of tissue

(e.g. sperm whale has a large cavity filled w/ oil in head that allows them to make a booming sound to scare squid)

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16
Q

paranasal sinuses

A
  • air-filled spaces, communicating w/ nasal cavity, within bones of skull + face
  • are joined to nasal cavity via small orificies called ostia
  • are a nusiance b/c frontal sinus cavities can drain down to maxillary, but maxillary has nowhere to drain; thus causing stuffiness

“para” = in the vicinity

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17
Q

ostia

A

small orifices that connect paranasal sinuses to nasal cavity

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18
Q

pharynx

A
  • section of alimentary canal extending from mouth + nasal cavities to larynx, where it becomes continuous with esophagus
  • involved w/ swallowing mechanism (swallowing is 1/3 voluntary; last 2/3 is automatic)

“phag” = devour, eat

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19
Q

larynx

A
  • “voice box”
  • made of vocal folds (myo that create canal for air to come out at certain speed)
  • women + children have smaller vocal folds; therefore can speak or sing at higher pitch
  • size of vocal folds is determined by testosterone
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20
Q

epiglottis

A
  • flap of skin at back of throat that folds over glottis to prevent food + liquid from entering trachea during act of swallowing
  • thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at root of tongue
"epi" = on top
"glot"= throat
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21
Q

trachea

A
  • “wind pipe”
  • thin-walled cartilaginous tube descending from larynx to bronchi + carrying air to lungs
  • connected closely to + situated anterior to esophagus
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22
Q

bronchi

A

2 main branches of trachea, leading directly to lungs

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23
Q

bronchiole

A
  • fine, thin-walled tubular extensions of bronchus

- surrounded by ribbons of smooth myo that control caliber of bronchiole

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24
Q

bronchoconstriction vs. bronchodilation

A
  • bronchoconstriction is contraction of myo in bronchioles, causing less air to enter lungs – e.g. asthma, when it’s super cold out or when it’s smoky
  • bronchodilation is relaxation of myo in bronchioles – e.g. when climbing a mountain
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25
Q

-iole (suffix)

A

small – e.g. bronchiole is smaller than bronchi

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26
Q

alveoli

A
  • last part of respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs (gas moves from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration via diffusion)
  • a tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in lungs where exchange of oxygen + carbon dioxide takes place
  • aka “air sac”
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27
Q

mediastinum

A
  • region b/w lungs that includes everything but the lungs (contains heart + all thoracic viscera except pleural sacs)
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28
Q

diaphragm

A
  • major respiratory muscle

- “midriff” that separates abdominal + thoracic cavities

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29
Q

pleura

A

two occurrences of thin serous membrane in mammals that:

  1. covers each lung
  2. folds back to make a lining for chest cavity

(in between the two is fluid that functions as a lubricant)

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30
Q

hilum

A
  • entrance into (or exit from) an organ or gland

- part of an organ or gland where structures such as blood vessels, nerves, or ducts enter + leave

31
Q

bilateral hilar adenopathy

A

enlargement of lymph nodes in the region of the hilum at both sides (easily and most commonly identified by a chest x-ray)

32
Q

adenoids

A
  • two masses of lymphoid tissue at back of nose, on top of soft palate, behind tonsils
  • when swollen, may obstruct normal breathing + make speech difficult
33
Q

adenoidectomy

A

surgical removal of adenoids

34
Q

cilia

A
  • thin, tail-like projections located all throughout respiratory system
  • cilia move in one direction only, and move mucus up from lung (aka “mucus elevator”)
  • look like seaweed; extend approx. 5-10 micrometers outwards from a cell body
35
Q

cilium vs flagellum

A
  • cilium move in a pattern similar to swimmer doing a breast stroke
  • flagellum are much longer than cilia, are related to motile cells, and move in an undulated whip-like pattern (e.g. tail of a sperm)
36
Q

mucociliary elevator

A
  • mechanism that brings mucus up to throat from lungs, so it can be spit out or swallowed + digested by gastric juices
  • formed by multiple cilia
37
Q

pulmonary parenchyma

A
  • tissue of lung performing its function (the alveoli + small bronchioles)
  • parenchyma = functional parts of an organ (in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, namely, the connective tissues)
38
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:

  1. asthma
  2. chronic bronchitis
  3. emphysema
39
Q

asthma

A
  • chronic reversible resp. disease characterized by sudden recurring attacks of labored breathing, chest constriction + coughing
  • asthma attack often triggered by cold, allergies, pollution, emotional factors + other unidentified factors
40
Q

chronic bronchitis

A
  • defined clinically as a persistent cough that produces sputum matter that is coughed up from respiratory tract for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years
41
Q

emphisema

A
  • a pathological condition of lungs marked by abnormal increase in size of air spaces, resulting in labored breathing + increased susceptibility to infection (weakened + collapsed air sacs have excess mucus)
  • can be caused by irreversible expansion of alveoli or by destruction of alveolar walls
42
Q

emphysema

A
  • characterized by loss of elasticity of lung tissue, destruction of structures supporting alveoli + destruction of capillaries feeding alveoli
  • result is that small airways collapse during expiration, leading to an obstructive form of lung disease (airflow is impeded and air is generally “trapped” in the lungs)
43
Q

pneumothorax

A
  • a collection of air or gas in pleural space surrounding lung
  • causes lung to collapse
  • medical procedure to reverse this involves inserting a tube-like vacuum into pleural space
44
Q

atelectasis

A
  • total or partial collapse of lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange (could be a congenital condition characterized by the incomplete expansion of lungs at birth)
  • to prevent atelectasis in paralyzed patients, nurses will move them onto one side from time to time
45
Q

-pnea (suffix)

A

suffix referring to breath

46
Q

apnea

A

cessation of breathing

47
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

48
Q

hyperpnea

A

increase in depth of breathing

49
Q

bradypnea

A

slow breathing

50
Q

tachypnea

A

fast breathing

51
Q

orthopnea

A

difficulty breathing when lying down (need to be propped upright to breath)

52
Q

phon/o

A

relating to sound

53
Q

dysphonia

A

hoarseness

54
Q

aphonia

A

loss of voice

55
Q

rhin/o

A

relating to nose

56
Q

rhinorrhea

A

liquid discharge thru nose

57
Q

rhinoplasty

A

aesthetic surgery of nose

58
Q

aesthetic

A

used in words referring to sensation

"aisthetikos" = sensitive
"aisthanesthai" = to perceive, to feel
59
Q

-esthesia (suffix)

A

sensation

60
Q

anesthesia

A

no sensation

61
Q

paraesthesia

A

abnormal sensation

62
Q

hypoaesthesia

A

low sensation

63
Q

hyperesthesia

A

increased sensation

64
Q

pulmonary

A

used in words referring to the lungs

65
Q

pulmonary abscess

A

a large collection of pus in the lungs

66
Q

pulmonary edema

A

swelling + fluids in the air sacs + bronchioles

67
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

clot or other material lodged in vessels (arteries of lungs)

68
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

scar tissue in the connective tissue of lung

69
Q

sarcoidosis

A

chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules or tubercules develop in the lungs, lymph nodes + other organs (is often asymptomatic)

70
Q

mesothelioma

A
  • a usually malignant tumor of mesothelial tissue, esp. that of the pleura or peritoneum
  • can be caused by asbestos
71
Q

pleural effusion

A

the collection of serous, purulent, or bloody fluid into pleural space surrounding lungs

72
Q

rale

A

an abnormal respiratory sound characterized by fine crackles (like sound of blowing into a straw at the bottom of a drink)

73
Q

ronchii

A

a coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usu. caused by secretion in a bronchial airway

74
Q

wheezing

A

a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in respiratory airways during breathing

medical terminology (8 decks)

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