week 6 reader A Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
acronym
A
- word formed from initial letters or groups of letters of words in a set phrase or series of words
- e.g. WASP = white anglo saxon protestant
2
Q
CBC
A
complete blood count
3
Q
IBS
A
irritable bowel syndrome
4
Q
UTI
A
urinary tract infection
5
Q
PCP
A
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
6
Q
b.i.d.
A
twice a day (Latin: bis in die)
three times a day would be t.i.d.
7
Q
shorthand
A
- method of rapid handwriting using simple strokes, abbreviations, or symbols that designate letters, words, or phrases
- often used by medical practitioners & acupuncturists alike to speed up note-taking
8
Q
CMV
A
cytomegalovirus
9
Q
T3
A
T3 = triiodiothyronine
T3 is active form of thryoid hormone, and is 3-4 times more potent than T4
10
Q
T4
A
T4 = tetraiodothyronine
ratio of T4 to T3 in blood is 20 to 1; T4 is converted to the active T3 within cells
11
Q
pneumology
A
branch of medicine concerned w/ lung function + disease
12
Q
nose
A
includes:
- nostrils or nares (first opening of respiratory system),
- nosehairs (which catch airborne particles + prevent them from reaching lungs)
- olfactory mucosa
- sinuses
13
Q
nasal passage
A
divided by long bones called turbinates
14
Q
turbinates (aka nasal concha)
A
- a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) that gets smaller at back of throat, divide the nasal airway into 3 groove-like air passages, and creates turbulence to fulfill functions of nasal passage:
1. moisten, filter, warm air (via cilia)
2. trap debris in air (via mucus)
3. sense of smell
15
Q
sinuses
A
- passages in cranium bones that provide a resonant cage for the voice (are remnants from dinosaurs)
- a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue, or an abnormal cavity or passage caused by the destruction of tissue
(e.g. sperm whale has a large cavity filled w/ oil in head that allows them to make a booming sound to scare squid)
16
Q
paranasal sinuses
A
- air-filled spaces, communicating w/ nasal cavity, within bones of skull + face
- are joined to nasal cavity via small orificies called ostia
- are a nusiance b/c frontal sinus cavities can drain down to maxillary, but maxillary has nowhere to drain; thus causing stuffiness
“para” = in the vicinity
17
Q
ostia
A
small orifices that connect paranasal sinuses to nasal cavity
18
Q
pharynx
A
- section of alimentary canal extending from mouth + nasal cavities to larynx, where it becomes continuous with esophagus
- involved w/ swallowing mechanism (swallowing is 1/3 voluntary; last 2/3 is automatic)
“phag” = devour, eat
19
Q
larynx
A
- “voice box”
- made of vocal folds (myo that create canal for air to come out at certain speed)
- women + children have smaller vocal folds; therefore can speak or sing at higher pitch
- size of vocal folds is determined by testosterone
20
Q
epiglottis
A
- flap of skin at back of throat that folds over glottis to prevent food + liquid from entering trachea during act of swallowing
- thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at root of tongue
"epi" = on top "glot"= throat
21
Q
trachea
A
- “wind pipe”
- thin-walled cartilaginous tube descending from larynx to bronchi + carrying air to lungs
- connected closely to + situated anterior to esophagus
22
Q
bronchi
A
2 main branches of trachea, leading directly to lungs
23
Q
bronchiole
A
- fine, thin-walled tubular extensions of bronchus
- surrounded by ribbons of smooth myo that control caliber of bronchiole
24
Q
bronchoconstriction vs. bronchodilation
A
- bronchoconstriction is contraction of myo in bronchioles, causing less air to enter lungs – e.g. asthma, when it’s super cold out or when it’s smoky
- bronchodilation is relaxation of myo in bronchioles – e.g. when climbing a mountain
25
-iole (suffix)
small -- e.g. bronchiole is smaller than bronchi
26
alveoli
- last part of respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs (gas moves from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration via diffusion)
- a tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in lungs where exchange of oxygen + carbon dioxide takes place
- aka "air sac"
27
mediastinum
- region b/w lungs that includes everything but the lungs (contains heart + all thoracic viscera except pleural sacs)
28
diaphragm
- major respiratory muscle
| - "midriff" that separates abdominal + thoracic cavities
29
pleura
two occurrences of thin serous membrane in mammals that:
1. covers each lung
2. folds back to make a lining for chest cavity
(in between the two is fluid that functions as a lubricant)
30
hilum
- entrance into (or exit from) an organ or gland
| - part of an organ or gland where structures such as blood vessels, nerves, or ducts enter + leave
31
bilateral hilar adenopathy
enlargement of lymph nodes in the region of the hilum at both sides (easily and most commonly identified by a chest x-ray)
32
adenoids
- two masses of lymphoid tissue at back of nose, on top of soft palate, behind tonsils
- when swollen, may obstruct normal breathing + make speech difficult
33
adenoidectomy
surgical removal of adenoids
34
cilia
- thin, tail-like projections located all throughout respiratory system
- cilia move in one direction only, and move mucus up from lung (aka "mucus elevator")
- look like seaweed; extend approx. 5-10 micrometers outwards from a cell body
35
cilium vs flagellum
- cilium move in a pattern similar to swimmer doing a breast stroke
- flagellum are much longer than cilia, are related to motile cells, and move in an undulated whip-like pattern (e.g. tail of a sperm)
36
mucociliary elevator
- mechanism that brings mucus up to throat from lungs, so it can be spit out or swallowed + digested by gastric juices
- formed by multiple cilia
37
pulmonary parenchyma
- tissue of lung performing its function (the alveoli + small bronchioles)
- parenchyma = functional parts of an organ (in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, namely, the connective tissues)
38
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:
1. asthma
2. chronic bronchitis
3. emphysema
39
asthma
- chronic reversible resp. disease characterized by sudden recurring attacks of labored breathing, chest constriction + coughing
- asthma attack often triggered by cold, allergies, pollution, emotional factors + other unidentified factors
40
chronic bronchitis
- defined clinically as a persistent cough that produces sputum matter that is coughed up from respiratory tract for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years
41
emphisema
- a pathological condition of lungs marked by abnormal increase in size of air spaces, resulting in labored breathing + increased susceptibility to infection (weakened + collapsed air sacs have excess mucus)
- can be caused by irreversible expansion of alveoli or by destruction of alveolar walls
42
emphysema
- characterized by loss of elasticity of lung tissue, destruction of structures supporting alveoli + destruction of capillaries feeding alveoli
- result is that small airways collapse during expiration, leading to an obstructive form of lung disease (airflow is impeded and air is generally "trapped" in the lungs)
43
pneumothorax
- a collection of air or gas in pleural space surrounding lung
- causes lung to collapse
- medical procedure to reverse this involves inserting a tube-like vacuum into pleural space
44
atelectasis
- total or partial collapse of lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange (could be a congenital condition characterized by the incomplete expansion of lungs at birth)
- to prevent atelectasis in paralyzed patients, nurses will move them onto one side from time to time
45
-pnea (suffix)
suffix referring to breath
46
apnea
cessation of breathing
47
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
48
hyperpnea
increase in depth of breathing
49
bradypnea
slow breathing
50
tachypnea
fast breathing
51
orthopnea
difficulty breathing when lying down (need to be propped upright to breath)
52
phon/o
relating to sound
53
dysphonia
hoarseness
54
aphonia
loss of voice
55
rhin/o
relating to nose
56
rhinorrhea
liquid discharge thru nose
57
rhinoplasty
aesthetic surgery of nose
58
aesthetic
used in words referring to sensation
```
"aisthetikos" = sensitive
"aisthanesthai" = to perceive, to feel
```
59
-esthesia (suffix)
sensation
60
anesthesia
no sensation
61
paraesthesia
abnormal sensation
62
hypoaesthesia
low sensation
63
hyperesthesia
increased sensation
64
pulmonary
used in words referring to the lungs
65
pulmonary abscess
a large collection of pus in the lungs
66
pulmonary edema
swelling + fluids in the air sacs + bronchioles
67
pulmonary embolism
clot or other material lodged in vessels (arteries of lungs)
68
pulmonary fibrosis
scar tissue in the connective tissue of lung
69
sarcoidosis
chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules or tubercules develop in the lungs, lymph nodes + other organs (is often asymptomatic)
70
mesothelioma
- a usually malignant tumor of mesothelial tissue, esp. that of the pleura or peritoneum
- can be caused by asbestos
71
pleural effusion
the collection of serous, purulent, or bloody fluid into pleural space surrounding lungs
72
rale
an abnormal respiratory sound characterized by fine crackles (like sound of blowing into a straw at the bottom of a drink)
73
ronchii
a coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usu. caused by secretion in a bronchial airway
74
wheezing
a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in respiratory airways during breathing
