week 6 reader B

Question 1

dermatology

Answer 1

branch of medicine concerned w/ study of skin + its accessories

Question 2

skin

Answer 2

• largest organ of body
• largest detoxifying organ (in addition to KD, LIV)
• contain dendritic cells
• made up of layers of epithelial tissues that guard underlying myo + organs

Question 3

3 primary layers of skin

Answer 3

superficial to deep:

• epidermis
• dermis
• hypodermis

Question 4

epidermis

Answer 4

• outermost layer of skin that provides waterproofing + serves as a barrier (contains keratin)
• made up of stratified squamous epithelium w/ an underlying basal lamina

Question 5

dermis

Answer 5

• active part of skin that serves as location for appendages
• contains nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands + blood vessels
• cushions body from stress + strain

Question 6

hypodermis

Answer 6

• the basement membrane (subcutaneous adipose layer)

- contains fatty tissue that allows for nutrition + to soften the blow

Question 7

stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 7

• has layers of scale-like cells

- “squamous” like a scale of fish

Question 8

hemi-desmosome

Answer 8

• cell junctions that act like velcro
• blisters in skin are due to damaged desmosomes + fluid accumulation there
• very small stud-like or rivet-like structures on inner basal surface of keratinocytes in epidermis of skin

Question 9

cell junctions

Answer 9

• aka “intercellular bridge”
• structure consisting of multiprotein complexes that provide contact b/w neighboring cells or b/w a cell + the extracellular matrix (are especially abundant in epithelial tissues)
• build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the paracellular transport
• enable communication b/w neighboring cells via specialized proteins called communicating junctions
• reduce stress placed upon cells

Question 10

tight junctions

Answer 10

• seal adjacent epithelial cells in a narrow band just beneath their apical surface
• located in any tube of the body
• cells are selective – only let certain things through
• e.g. tight junctions in intestinal tract prevent leaky gut syndrome

Question 11

adherens junctions

Answer 11

• provide strong mechanical attachments b/w adjacent cells

- found in tissues that undergo strong forces – e.g. skin, hands, muscles

Question 12

gap junctions

Answer 12

• cells have devices w/ proteins made of connexions (connexion of one cell lock to connexion of another cell, allowing cells to communicate quickly)
• gap junctions are key to cell communication
• connexions open + close like camera shutter

Question 13

desmosomes

Answer 13

• localized patches that hold 2 cells tightly together (common in epithelia)
• desmosomes are attached to intermediate filaments of keratin in the cytoplasm

Question 14

pemphigus

Answer 14

• refers to when you have damage to desmosomes (loosening of adhesion b/w adjacent epithelial cells causes blistering)
• an autoimmune disease where patient develops anitbodies against proteins (cadherins) in desmosomes
• often due to bad reaction to pharmaceutical drug, which causes desctruction of desmosome

Question 15

sebum

Answer 15

• a oily, waxy substance secreted by sebaceous glands (is made of fat + debris of dead fat-producing cells)
• protects skin by making it impermeable
• when mixed w/ sweat, creates an acidic film that is waterproof
• prevents growth of bacteria + fungus b/c it is acidic

Question 16

exocrine gland

Answer 16

pertaining to secretion of a substance out thru a duct

"exo" = exit; outside
"crine" = produce

Question 17

exocrine vs. endocrine

Answer 17

• exocrine pertains to secretion of substance out thru a duct
• endocrine pertains to secretion of substance directly to bloodstream

"exo" = exit; outside
"endo" = inside

Question 18

3 kinds exocrine gland

Answer 18

1. apocrine
2. holocrine
3. merocrine

Question 19

apocrine

Answer 19

• type of exocrine gland where tip of cell sheds off + becomes part of excretion
• e.g. mammary gland

Question 20

holocrine

Answer 20

• type of exocrine gland where whole cell dies off + goes into secretion
• e.g. sebaceous glands b/c sebum is produced within specialized cells and is released as these cells burst; wax in ears; some sweat glands

Question 21

merocrine

Answer 21

• type of exocrine gland where only fluid is secreted

- e.g. salivary glands; some of the sweat glands

Question 22

melanocytes

Answer 22

• specialized cells that produce melanin
• melanocytes belong to nervous system but migrate to skin
• located in bottom layer of skins’ epidermis + middle layer of the eye (uvea)

Question 23

melanin

Answer 23

• a special pigment in the skin, eyes + hair
• produces the tan effect
• function of melanin is to become more “UV-proof” (more melanin allows you to stay out in sun longer w/o burning)

Question 24

subcutaneous

Answer 24

• located or placed just beneath skin

- in acupuncture, this subcutaneous needling is common at face + scalp

Question 25

diaphroesis

Answer 25

profuse sweating

Question 26

erythemea

Answer 26

redness or flushing of skin "eryth" = red

Question 27

hidr/o

Answer 27

pertains to water

Question 28

anhidrosis

Answer 28

- no sweat | - could be due to an autoimmune disease or damage to nervous system

Question 29

hyperhidrosis

Answer 29

easy sweating

Question 30

ichthyosis

Answer 30

scaly, dry skin (genetic) "ichtyos" = fish

Question 31

keratosis

Answer 31

hard, horny tissue due to overproduction of keratin e.g. cracked heels

Question 32

fictional keratosis from denture

Answer 32

when tissue inside mouth hardens for protection -- e.g. when you wear dentures

Question 33

onych/o

Answer 33

pertaining to nails

Question 34

leukoplakia

Answer 34

- precancerous lesion that develops on tongue or inside of cheek as response to chronic irritation - occasionally, leukoplakia patches develop on female external genitalia

Question 35

lunula of nails

Answer 35

- the crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail - 8, 9, or 10 lunula indicate good health "lunula" means "little moon"