Week 5 - Respiratory brief

Question 1

Upper respiratory components

Answer 1

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Question 2

Lower respiratory components

Answer 2

Trachea, Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs

Question 3

Which part of the lower has more cartilage?

Answer 3

Trachea, bronchi

Question 4

Which part of the lower has more muscle?

Answer 4

Bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli

Question 5

Which part of the lower respiratory tract does Asthma impact?

Answer 5

Bronchioles

Question 6

What are the two types of blood supply in the lungs?

Answer 6

Pulmonary circulation - blood supply for oxygen to heart

Bronchial circulation - blood supply to lungs

Question 7

Muscles involved in forced inspiration

Answer 7

Ext. intercostal, Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, Pec minor, Diaphragm, Serratus ant., Erector Spinae

Question 8

Muscles involved in forced expiration

Answer 8

Rectus abdominis, Int. intercostal, Ext. Oblique, Int. Oblique, Transversus abdominis, Lats

Question 9

How do the structures in and around the alveoli make it easier for gas exchange

Answer 9

1. Large surface area
2. One cell thick - easy diffusion
3. Moist lining - allows gases to dissolve and diffuse
4. Good blood supply
5. Good ventilation

Question 10

Partial pressure of Nitrogen, Oxygen and CO2 in atmosphere

Answer 10

PN2 = 590mmHg
P02 = 159mmHg
PCO2 = 0.3mmHg

760mmHg total

Question 11

What does the pressure of oxygen drop to during inhalation and why?

Answer 11

159mmHg to 104mmHg. Some oxygen is lost to water for humidification.

Question 12

What does the pressure of carbon dioxide increase to during inhalation?

Answer 12

0.3mmHg to 40mmHg.

Question 13

Partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in pulmonary arteries?

Answer 13

PO2 = 40mmHg
PCO2 = 45mmHG

Question 14

Partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in pulmonary veins?

Answer 14

PO2 = 100mHg
PCO2 = 40mmHg

Question 15

Nerves that innervate quiet breathing muscles

Answer 15

Intercostal nerve, phrenic nerve

Question 16

Which effector nerves would be involved in raising the RR

Answer 16

From respiratory centre through CST, to phrenic and intercostal nerves

Question 17

3 areas in the Medulla and their role

Answer 17

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - inspiration
Ventral respiratory group (VRG) - expiration
Pre-Botzinger complex - rhythm

Question 18

2 areas in the Pons and their role

Answer 18

Pneumotaxic centre - inhibit Medulla
Apneustic centre - stimulates Medulla

Question 19

Chemoreceptors role

Answer 19

Receptors that respond to changes in pH, O2, CO2 in the blood and CSF

Question 20

Medulla chemoreceptors

Answer 20

Change in pH in CSF

Question 21

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 21

Carotid and aortic chemoreceptors detect change in pH, Co2, O2 in blood through Vagus nerve (aortic), Glossopharyngeal nerve (Carotid)

Question 22

Types of mechanoreceptors in the lung

Answer 22

Stretch receptors, receptors to irritants

Question 23

Mechanoreceptors role in respiration

Answer 23

Stretch receptors in the lungs transmit information through vagus nerve. When lungs are excessively inflated it triggers the inflation reflex, which stops inspiration and prolongs expiration.

Receptors to irritants will promote coughing

Question 24

How does pain/emotion effect ventilation and where from?

Answer 24

Lymbic system in Hypothalamus

Anxiety - hyperventilation
Pain - gasping, crying

Question 25

What area of the brain allows voluntary control of respiratory system?

Answer 25

Primary motor cortex which sends signals to spinal cord bypassing respiratory centre in brainstem.

Question 26

Phrenic and intercostal nerve spinal levels

Answer 26

Phrenic - C3,4,5

Intercostal - T1-T11