week 6 Flashcards
(24 cards)
multiple baseline design
after collecting initial baseline data simultaneously across two or more behaviors, settings, or people, apply the treatment variable sequentially across these behaviors, settings or people and note the effects
after collecting initial baseline data simultaneously across two or more behaviors, settings, or people, apply the treatment variable sequentially across these behaviors, settings or people and note the effects
multliple baseline design
changing criterion design
used to analyze improvemetns in behavior as a function of stepwise, incremental criterion changes in the level of responding required for reinforcement
used to analyze improvemetns in behavior as a function of stepwise, incremental criterion changes in the level of responding required for reinforcement
changing criterion design
________ _______ and a ______ ______ are demonstrated when the behaviors change from a steady state baseline to a new steady state after the introduction of the independent variable is applied, or a new criterion established
experimental control, functional relation
fun facts about multiple baseline design
most widely used experimental design in aba
highly flexible
can analyze the effects of an independent variable across multiple behaviors, settings, and/or subjects without having to withdraw the treatment
when to use multiple baseline design
used in two situations:
- when the target behavior is likely to be irreversible
- when it is undesirable, impractical, or unethical to withdraw a seemingly effective treatment condition
what are the three primary forms of multiple baseline design
across behaviors, settings, subjects
multiple baseline across behaviors
begins with concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors of each participant in the study
after steady state responding has been obtained under baseline conditions
- the investigator applies the independent variable to one of the behaviors and
- maintains baseline conditions for the other behaviors
when steady state has been reached fort eh first behavior, the independent variable is applied to the next behavior, and so on
multiple baseline across settings design
a single behavior of a person (or group) is targeeted in two or more settings or conditions
after stable responding has been demonstrated under baseline conditions, the independent variable is then introduced in one of the settings while baseline conditios remain in effect in other settings
when maximum behavior change has been achieved in the first setting, the independent variable is applied in the second setting, and so on
a single behavior of a person (or group) is targeeted in two or more settings or conditions
multiple baseline across settings design
multiple baseline across subjects desgin
one target behavior is selected for two or more subjectst in the same setting
after steady state responding has been achieved under baseline conditions, the independent variable is applied to one subject while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other subjects
the independent variable is then applied to another subject and so on
the most widely used of the three forms
one target behavior is selected for two or more subjectst in the same setting
multiple baseline across subjects desgin
multiple probe design
extends the operation and logic of the multiple baseline to behaviors or situations in which concurrent measurement of all behaviors constituting the design is unnecessary, potentially reactive, impractical, or too costly
three key features:
- initial probe determines the subject’s level of performance on each behavior in the sequence
- a series of baseline measures is obtained on each step prior to training on that step
- after criterion-level performance is reached on any training step, a probe of each step in the sequence is obtained to determine whether performance has changed in any other steps
extends the operation and logic of the multiple baseline to behaviors or situations in which concurrent measurement of all behaviors constituting the design is unnecessary, potentially reactive, impractical, or too costly
multiple probe design
multiple probe design used for…
evaluating the effects of instruction on skill sequences in which it is highly unlikely that the subject can improve performance on later steps in the sequence with acquiring the prior steps
avoids the necessity of ritualistic baseline data collection
an effective experimental strategy for situation in which extended baseline measurement may prove reactive, impractical, or costly
Delayed Multiple Baseline Design
an experimental tactic in which an initial baseline and intervention are begun, and subsequent baselines are added in a staggered or delayed fashion
- empmloyes the same experimental reasoning as a fullscale multiple baseline design
data from baselinees begun after teh independent variable has been applied to previous behaviors, settings, or subjects cannot be used to verify predictions based on earlier tiers of the desgin
an experimental tactic in which an initial baseline and intervention are begun, and subsequent baselines are added in a staggered or delayed fashion
Delayed Multiple Baseline Design
appropriateness of multiple baselinle designs
does not require withdrawing an effective treatment to establish control
good for evaluating the effects of independent variables that cannot, by their nature, be withdrawn
appropriate for investigating target behaviors that are likely or that prove to be irreversible
becuase it does not necessitate a reversal of treatmetn gains, parents, teachers, or administrators may accept it more readily
ideally suited to the evaluation of teh progressive, multiple behavior changes sought by many practitioners
useful in assessing the occurrence of generlization of behavior change
relatively easy to conceptuallize
limitations of multiple baseline desgin
may not allow a demonstration of experimental control even though a functional relation exists
weaker method for showing experimetnal contorl than the reversal design becasue verification must be inferred from the lack of change in otehr behavior
provides more information about the effectivness of the treatmetn variable than it does about eh fnction of any particular targe behavior
changing criterion design
used to evaluate the effects of a treatment that is applied in a graduated or stepwise fashion to a single target behavior
requires inital baaselne observations on a singel target behaivor
baseline phase is followed by ipmlementation of a treatment program in each of a series of treatment phases
each treatment phase is associated with a step-wise change in criterion rate for the target behavior
- each phase of the design provides a baseline for the following phase
when the target behavior changes with each stepwise change in criterion, therapeutic change is replicated and experimental control is demonstrated
guidelines for using the changing criterion design
three design factors
- length of phases
- each phase in the changing criterion design serves as a baseline for teh comparing changes in responding measured in the next pase
- the length of phases in a changing criterion design should vary considerably to increase the design’s validity - magnitude of criterion changes
- varying the size of teh criterion changes enables a more convincing demonstration ofe xperimental contorl - number of criterion changes
- the more times the target behavior changes to meet new criteria, the more convincing the demonstration of experimental control
strengths of chagnign criterion design
does not requrie that behavioral improvemetns be reversed
- however, partial reversals to earlier levels enhance experimental control
only one target behavior is required
limitations of changing criterion design
can be used only with behaviors already in the subjects repertoire and that lend themselves to stepwise modification
not appropriate as an experimental tactic for analyzing the effects of shaping programs
