WEEK 7 - Reasoning and problem solving Flashcards
(32 cards)
delay discounting
Immediate rewards are perceived as more valuable than rewards in the future
does self control develop linearly
not really
types of reasoning
valid vs invalid
deductive reasoning
start with general rule and use it to figure out something specific
modus ponens - the way of putting
if a, then b
a is true.
so b is true
VALID reasoning
modus tollens the way of taking
if a, then b
b is not true.
so a is not true.
valid reasoning
Denial of the Antecedent (Invalid)
If A, then B.
A is not true.
➡️ So B is not true ❌ Wrong!
Example:
If it rains, the ground gets wet.
It did not rain.
➡️ So the ground is not wet. ❌
🙅 The ground might be wet for other reasons (e.g., sprinkler).
Affirmation of the Consequent (Invalid Reasoning)
Format:
If A, then B.
B is true.
➡️ So A must be true. ❌
(This is not always correct.)
inductive reasoning
using past observations to predict novel cases
- given that the sun has rise each day, I am fairly certain it will rise tmrw
bayesian reasoning
extrasensory perception (ESP)
also known as psi
- telepathy (read minds)
- clairvoyance (predict future)
- psychokinesis (ability to move objects with mind)
bayesian reasoning
about quantifying what you believe
when making new obs, you update that belief
belief comes in degrees
how is belief often viewed
as a binary state: T OR F
bayesians, belief degrees
0 - total lack of confidence
0.25 - slightly confident
0.75 - fairly con
1 - compl con
how can degrees be expressed
as a probability distrubution
what does bayesian inference allow us to determine
the probability of a hypothesis being true based on the evidence and our world knowledge
p(hypothesis]data)
posterior probability
p(data]hypothesis)
the liklihood
- p values
bayes rule
allows us to calculate the posterior prob from the likelihood
t stand for
a set of theories about the world
d stands for
a collection of data we might observe
problem solving afn reasoning
finding a way to get from the present state to the goal state
gestalt restucturing
approach to problem solving
- we can manipulate the problem in our mind
no mathematical needed
know as RESTURCTURING
INSIGHT PROB VS NON INSIGHT
insight: balls
non insight: math prob
creative problem solving
multilated checkerboard problem
