Week 8 - Intro to nervous system

Question 1

What is one of the basic functions of the nervous system? A) Motor output B) Digestive processing C) Hormonal regulation D) Cellular respiration

Answer 1

A) Motor output

Question 2

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing information? A) Peripheral Nervous System B) Central Nervous System C) Somatic Nervous System D) Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 2

B) Central Nervous System

Question 3

What type of neurons transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS? A) Motor neurons B) Interneurons C) Sensory neurons D) Multipolar neurons

Answer 3

C) Sensory neurons

Question 4

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for: A) Rest and digest activities B) Preparing the body for stress C) Muscle control D) Sensory input

Answer 4

B) Preparing the body for stress

Question 5

What structure in a motor neuron receives signals from other neurons? A) Axon B) Dendrites C) Myelin sheath D) Axon terminals

Answer 5

B) Dendrites

Question 6

Which glial cells are responsible for producing myelin in the CNS? A) Microglia B) Schwann cells C) Astrocytes D) Oligodendrocytes

Answer 6

D) Oligodendrocytes

Question 7

What is the primary role of Schwann cells? A) Regulate nutrient exchange B) Produce myelin sheaths C) Clear debris D) Line the brain’s ventricles

Answer 7

B) Produce myelin sheaths

Question 8

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around: A) 0 mV B) -70 mV C) -40 mV D) +30 mV

Answer 8

B) -70 mV

Question 9

Which of the following describes a graded potential? A) All or nothing response B) Long-distance signal C) Varies in amplitude D) Always the same

Answer 9

C) Varies in amplitude

Question 10

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump? A) To increase potassium concentration inside the cell B) To maintain ion concentration gradients C) To decrease sodium concentration outside the cell D) To facilitate neurotransmitter release

Answer 10

B) To maintain ion concentration gradients

Question 11

What do action potentials travel along? A) Dendrites B) Axon C) Myelin sheath D) Cell body

Answer 11

B) Axon

Question 12

In which type of synapse do neurotransmitters cross a synaptic cleft? A) Electrical synapse B) Chemical synapse C) Gap junctions D) Neuronal circuit

Answer 12

B) Chemical synapse

Question 13

What type of neurotransmitter is glutamate classified as? A) Inhibitory B) Excitatory C) Modulatory D) Hormonal

Answer 13

B) Excitatory

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory and found in the CNS? A) Acetylcholine B) Dopamine C) GABA D) Norepinephrine

Answer 14

C) GABA

Question 15

The primary role of astrocytes in the CNS includes: A) Producing myelin B) Immune defense C) Nutrient regulation D) Electrical conduction

Answer 15

C) Nutrient regulation

Question 16

Which division of the PNS controls voluntary muscle movement? A) Autonomic nervous system B) Sympathetic division C) Somatic nervous system D) Sensory division

Answer 16

C) Somatic nervous system

Question 17

What happens during depolarization of a neuron? A) Membrane potential becomes more negative B) Membrane potential becomes less negative C) Membrane potential remains the same D) Membrane potential becomes zero

Answer 17

B) Membrane potential becomes less negative

Question 18

Which type of neurons connect sensory and motor neurons? A) Sensory neurons B) Motor neurons C) Interneurons D) Unipolar neurons

Answer 18

C) Interneurons

Question 19

What is the primary component of the myelin sheath in the PNS? A) Oligodendrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Astrocytes D) Microglia

Answer 19

B) Schwann cells

Question 20

What type of receptors are responsible for initiating a second-messenger pathway? A) Ionotropic B) Metabotropic C) Electrical D) Mechanical

Answer 20

B) Metabotropic

Question 21

What is a characteristic of bipolar neurons? A) Multiple axons B) One axon and one dendrite C) Many dendrites D) Single process that splits into two branches

Answer 21

B) One axon and one dendrite

Question 22

The main effect of the parasympathetic division is to: A) Increase heart rate B) Prepare for fight or flight C) Promote rest and digest D) Increase respiration rate

Answer 22

C) Promote rest and digest

Question 23

Which ions are more concentrated inside a neuron at resting potential? A) Sodium B) Potassium C) Chloride D) Calcium

Answer 23

B) Potassium

Question 24

How does temperature affect nerve conduction speed? A) Colder temperatures increase speed B) Colder temperatures decrease speed C) Temperature has no effect D) Warmer temperatures slow down conduction

Answer 24

B) Colder temperatures decrease speed

Question 25

What are gap junctions primarily involved in? A) Chemical transmission B) Electrical transmission C) Ion exchange D) Nutrient flow

Answer 25

B) Electrical transmission

Question 26

Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle contraction? A) Norepinephrine B) Acetylcholine C) Dopamine D) Serotonin

Answer 26

B) Acetylcholine

Question 27

What is a unique feature of unipolar neurons? A) Found in the retina B) Single process that splits C) Many dendrites D) Rare in the human body

Answer 27

B) Single process that splits

Question 28

Which of the following describes action potential propagation in myelinated axons? A) Continuous conduction B) Saltatory conduction C) Graded potential D) Electrical conduction

Answer 28

B) Saltatory conduction

Question 29

What happens during hyperpolarization? A) Membrane potential decreases B) Membrane potential becomes more negative C) Membrane potential stabilizes D) Membrane potential increases

Answer 29

B) Membrane potential becomes more negative

Question 30

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation and sleep? A) Norepinephrine B) Serotonin C) Dopamine D) GABA

Answer 30

B) Serotonin

Question 31

What is the role of microglia in the CNS? A) Produce myelin B) Provide structural support C) Act as immune cells D) Regulate nutrient exchange

Answer 31

C) Act as immune cells

Question 32

Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses? A) Dendrites B) Cell body C) Axon D) Myelin sheath

Answer 32

C) Axon

Question 33

What kind of potential is initiated by chemical signals from neurotransmitters? A) Action potential B) Graded potential C) Resting potential D) Threshold potential

Answer 33

B) Graded potential

Question 34

The primary effect of inhibitory neurotransmitters is to: A) Depolarize the neuron B) Hyperpolarize the neuron C) Activate the sodium-potassium pump D) Facilitate action potentials

Answer 34

B) Hyperpolarize the neuron

Question 35

Which glial cell type helps maintain the blood-brain barrier? A) Oligodendrocytes B) Astrocytes C) Microglia D) Satellite cells

Answer 35

B) Astrocytes

Question 36

What structure at the end of the axon releases neurotransmitters? A) Dendrites B) Cell body C) Axon terminals D) Myelin sheath

Answer 36

C) Axon terminals

Question 37

The primary role of the sodium-potassium pump is to: A) Facilitate signal transmission B) Maintain ion concentration gradients C) Produce ATP D) Enhance neurotransmitter release

Answer 37

B) Maintain ion concentration gradients

Question 38

What is the function of the ependymal cells in the CNS? A) Produce myelin B) Produce CSF C) Clear debris D) Regulate nutrient exchange

Answer 38

B) Produce CSF ## Footnote They line the ventricals of the brain

Question 39

The primary difference between electrical and chemical synapses is: A) Speed of transmission B) Direction of transmission C) Type of signal transmitted D) Structure of the synapse

Answer 39

A) Speed of transmission

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter? A) GABA B) Glycine C) Acetylcholine D) Serotonin

Answer 40

C) Acetylcholine

Question 41

What effect does the sodium-potassium pump have on resting membrane potential? A) Decreases negativity B) Increases negativity C) Stabilizes at -70 mV D) Fluctuates the potential

Answer 41

C) Stabilizes at -70 mV

Question 42

What type of receptors directly open ion channels upon neurotransmitter binding? A) Ionotropic receptors B) Metabotropic receptors C) G-protein coupled receptors D) Voltage-gated receptors

Answer 42

A) Ionotropic receptors

Question 43

What is the primary role of the dendrites in a neuron? A) Transmit signals away from the cell body B) Integrate incoming signals C) Support the neuron D) Release neurotransmitters

Answer 43

B) Integrate incoming signals

Question 44

How does an action potential differ from a graded potential? A) Graded potentials travel longer distances B) Action potentials vary in amplitude C) Action potentials are all-or-nothing D) Graded potentials do not decay

Answer 44

C) Action potentials are all-or-nothing

Question 45

Which of the following is a primary function of the nervous system? A) Energy production B) Integration C) Hormone secretion D) Nutrient absorption

Answer 45

B) Integration

Question 46

What is the primary role of astrocytes in the central nervous system? A) Insulating axons B) Immune defense C) Structural support D) Nutrient absorption

Answer 46

C) Structural support

Question 47

Which of the following neurons is responsible for transmitting impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS? A) Motor neurons B) Interneurons C) Sensory neurons D) Multipolar neurons

Answer 47

C) Sensory neurons

Question 48

What is the resting membrane potential typically measured at in a neuron? A) +30 mV B) -70 mV C) 0 mV D) -90 mV

Answer 48

B) -70 mV

Question 49

Which glial cell type is involved in the production of myelin in the peripheral nervous system? A) Oligodendrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Satellite cells D) Astrocytes

Answer 49

B) Schwann cells

Question 50

What is the primary difference between graded potentials and action potentials? A) Graded potentials are all-or-nothing responses B) Graded potentials can vary in amplitude C) Graded potentials always travel long distances D) Graded potentials occur only in axons

Answer 50

B) Graded potentials can vary in amplitude

Question 51

Which type of neurotransmitter receptor directly opens ion channels upon binding? A) Ionotropic receptors B) Metabotropic receptors C) G-protein coupled receptors D) Second-messenger receptors

Answer 51

A) Ionotropic receptors

Question 52

What effect does the sodium-potassium pump have on neuronal resting potential? A) It decreases intracellular sodium B) It increases intracellular potassium C) It establishes concentration gradients D) All of the above

Answer 52

D) All of the above

Question 53

What characterizes a chemical synapse? A) Direct flow of ions between cells B) Release of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft C) Bidirectional signal transmission D) None of the above

Answer 53

B) Release of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft

Question 54

Which of the following ions has a higher concentration inside the neuron at resting membrane potential? A) Sodium (Na⁺) B) Potassium (K⁺) C) Calcium (Ca²⁺) D) Chloride (Cl⁻)

Answer 54

B) Potassium (K⁺)