Week 9 Lecture- Senses Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
in order to be tasted, a chemical:
must be dissolved in_________
A
saliva
2
Q
2 chemical senses
A
- gustation [taste]
- olfaction [smell]
3
Q
to smell substance must be dissolved in what?
A
dissolved in fluids of the nasal membranes
4
Q
4 types of papillae
A
- filiform [no sensory function]
- fungiform [containstastebuds]
- circumvallate [contains taste buds]
- foliate [containstastebuds]
5
Q
five basic taste sensations
A
- sweet
- salty
- sour
- bitter
- ummami
6
Q
cranial nerves ____ and ___ carry impulses from taste buds to the solitary nucleus of the medulla
A
7 and 9
7
Q
taste is 80% what functon
A
smell
8
Q
70% of all sensory receptors are in the?
A
eye
9
Q
palpebrae
A
eye-lids
10
Q
separates eyelids
A
palpebral fissure –
11
Q
initiate reflex blinking
A
eyelashes
12
Q
lubricating glands associated with the eyelids
A
meibomian glands and sebaceous glands
ciliary glands lie between the hair follicles
13
Q
conjunctiva
A
lines the eyelids as the palpebral conjunctiva
covers the whites of the eyes as the ocular conjunctiva
lubricates and protects the eye
14
Q
what is the technical name for pink eye
A
conjunctivitis
Staphylococcus or Streptococcus spp. and allergies
15
Q
_____________ secrete tears
A
lacrimal glands
16
Q
tears exit the eye medially via the?
A
lacrimal punctum
17
Q
where do tears drain?
A
drain into the nasolacrimal duct [i.e. to the nose]
18
Q
“lazy eye” and errors with eye alignment are associated with what msucle
A
strabismus
19
Q
“lazy eye” and errors with eye alignment are associated with what msucle
A
strabismus
20
Q
visual weakness in an otherwise normal eye
-developmental disorder
A
amblyopia
21
Q
three tunics of the eye
A
- fibrous
vascular [uvea]
sensory [retina]
22
Q
internal cavity of eye is filled with fluids called ________
A
humors
23
Q
what separates the internal cavity into anterior and posterior segments
A
lens
24
Q
forms the outermost coat of the eye and is composed of:
opaque sclera [posteriorly]
clear cornea [anteriorly]
A
fibrous tunic
25
3 regions of vascular tunic
a. choroid
b. ciliary body
c. iris
26
supplies blood to all eye tunics
choroid region of vascular tunic
27
a thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens
composed of smooth muscle bundles
[ciliary muscles]
anchors the suspensory ligament that holds the lens in place
ciliary body of vascular tunic
[ciliary muscles]
28
colored part of the eye
iris
29
what do pupils do during close vision and bright light
constrict
30
distant vision and dim light
pupils dilate
31
pupils and changes in emotional state
pupils dilate when the subject matter is appealing or requires problem-solving skills
32
2 layers of sensory tunic
1. pigmented layer
1. neural layer
33
the outer layer that absorbs light and prevents its scattering
prevents degradation of the image quality
pigmented layer of sensory tunic
34
photoreceptors that transduce light energy bipolar cells and ganglion cells
neural layer of sensory tunic
35
ganglion cells leave he eyes as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-
optic nerve
36
is the site where the optic nerve leaves the eye
lacks photoreceptors [the blind spot]
optic disc
37
vitreous humor
transmits light
supports the posterior surface of the lens
holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer
contributes to intraocular pressure
38
anterior segment of the eye contains what fluid?
## Footnote
drains via the canal of Schlemm
aqueous humor
39
* increased intraocular pressure [IOP] ≥21 mmHg
* typically from increased aqueous humor
* blocked outflow at canal of Schlemm [scleral venous sinus]
glaucoma
40
a biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure that:
allows precise focusing of light onto the retina [fine focusing]
is composed of epithelium and lens fibers
lens
41
cataract
clouding of the normally transparent lens
developing opacity of the crystalline lens
denaturation of proteins
progressive; vision loss to blindness
42
astigmatism
inability of the lens or cornea to focus
from lens hardening or corneal scarring
refractive error – results in blurred vision
43
pathway of light entering the eye
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and the neural layer of the retina to the photoreceptors
44
close vision requires 3 events:
1. accomodation
2. constriction
1. convergence
45
myopia
near sighted- can't see far away
## Footnote
corrected with a concave lens
46
hyperopic eye
[farsighted] – the focal point is
behind the retina
corrected with a convex lens
47
adaptation to bright light [going from dark to light] involves:
switching from the rod to the cone system – visual acuity is gained
dramatic decreases in retinal sensitivity – rod function is lost
48
adaptation to dark is the reverse
cones stop functioning in low light, visual acuity
diminishes
dramatic increase in retinal sensitivity – rod function is gained
49
axons of ____________ form the optic nerve
retinal ganglion
50
medial fibers of the optic nerve decussate at the
optic chiasm
51
three parts of the ear
1. inner
2. outer
3. middle
52
what part of ear are involved in hearing?
outer and middle
53
the inner ear functions in
both hearing and equilibrium
54
parts of outer ear
the helix [rim]
the lobule [earlobe]
55
tympanic membrane [eardrum] is a part of what ear?
outer
56
thin connective tissue membrane that vibrates in
response to sound
transfers sound energy to the middle ear ossicles
boundary between outer and middle ears
tympanic membrane [eardrum]
57
incision in tympanic membrane to relieve
pressure
myringotomy
58
small tubes placed in the tympanic membrane of children
made of metal, silicone, Teflon
1-2 mm length
used to drain the middle ear [ostitis media]
tympanostomy
59
the middle ear is lined with
mucosa-lined cavity
60
pharyngotympanic tube
connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure
61
the tympanic cavity (middle ear) contains three small bones [ossicles]:
1. malleus 2. incus 3. stapes
62
vibrations in the middle ears are dampened by what cranial nerves?
tensor tympani [CN V3] and
stapedius muscles [CN VII]
63
bony labyrinth contains what?
contains the vestibule, the cochlea, and the semicircular canals
filled with perilymph [similar to CSF, plasma]
64
membranous labyrinth is filled with potassium-rich fluid \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
endolymph
65
a spiral, conical, bony chamber that:
cochlea
66
contains the cochlear duct [scala media]
contains the organ of Corti [hearing receptor] coils around a bony pillar called the modiolus
cochlea
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- moving hair cells stimulates the cochlear nerve that sends impulses to the brain
mechanosensitive hair cells
68
each contains a macula [sensory receptor]
vestibular receptors monitor static equilibrium
respond to gravity and changes in the position of the head
utricle
69
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the sensory receptors for static equilibrium
maculae
70
each hair cell of the maculae has stereocilia and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
embedded in the otolithic membrane
kinocilium
71
otolithic membrane – jellylike mass studded with
tiny CaCO3 stones called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-
otoliths/otoconia
72
utricular hairs respond to _________ movement
[acceleration]
horizontal
73
saccular hairs respond to ________ movement [gravity]
vertical
74
each crista ampullaris has support cells and hair cells that extend into a gel-like mass called the \_\_\_\_\_\_-
cupula
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ respond to angular
movements of the head dynamic equilibrium
semicircular canal receptors
76
benign positional paroxysmal vertigo [BPPV]
otoliths from the utricle dislodge and float into the posterior canal, causing interference with cupula function
77
taste on the back ⅔rds of tongue
CN 9 and 10
78
taste on the front ⅔ads of tongue
CN 7
79
pain on the front ⅔rds of tongue
CN 5
80
pain on the back ⅓rd of tongue
CN 9
81
what cells form the optic nerve?
ganglion cells
82
bulk focusing
cornea
83
fine focusing
lens
84
mechanotransduction
hair on hair cells moving (in ear)
85
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ embedded in the otolithic membrane
kinocilium
86
components of vestibule
saccule
utricle
87
components of semicircular canals
anterior canal
horizontal [lateral] canal
posterior canal
88
vestibul receptor
macula
89
vestibular dampening element
otolithic membrane
90
semicircular canals receptors
crista ampullaris
