WK 11 bb Flashcards

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1
Q

Substance abuse is a pattern of drug use in which

A

people rely on a drug chronically and excessively and not for therapeutic reasons

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2
Q

addiction or dependance =

A

physically dependant on a drug in addition to abusing it

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3
Q

Reinforcing stimuli have a greater effect if

A

it occurs immediately after the behaviour

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4
Q

Positive Reinforcement: Neural Mechanisms

A
  • triggers release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAC)
  • process of addiction begins in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system
  • produce long term changes in other brain regions, starting with the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
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5
Q

Function of dopamine pathway

A
  • REward (motivation)
  • Pleasure, euphoria
  • Motor functioning (fine tuning)
  • Compulsion
  • Perseveration
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6
Q

Function of seotonin pathway

A
  • mood
  • memory processing
  • sleep
  • cognition
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7
Q

changes in VTA leads to

(positive reinforcement process from drugs)

does this happen immediately

what other areas does this affect

A

increased activation in a variety of regions that receive dopaminergic input from the VTA

Synaptic changes that are responsible for the
compulsive behaviours that characterise addiction occur only after continued use.

  • Important changes occur in the dorsal striatum which is part of the basal ganglia
  • The basal ganglia plays a critical role in instrumental conditioning
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8
Q
  • Withdrawal symptoms
A

– generally the opposite of the drug itself
– the body may have started to compensate for the
disturbed homeostatic mechanisms

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9
Q

Negative Reinforcement and addiction

A

potentially maibtains addiction e.g. removes withdrawal symptoms

can start addiction, e.g. remove stressors

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10
Q

Cravings can occur after a long period of abstinence.
* Potentially due to

A

ong-lasting brain changes
* Drug-related stimuli can elicit classically conditioned responses in substance abusers, both physiologically and subjectively - cravings

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11
Q

Franken (2003) suggests craving and relapse are due to

A

‘attentional bias’ – cued by cognitive processes and increases in dopamine in response to drug
stimuli.
Drug stimuli as in things related to drug use. even weather can cause a dopamine increase, thus intensifying the cravings

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12
Q

Prefrontal cortex has been implicated in drug abuse e.g.

A

prefrontal cortex activity decreases as drug use increases

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13
Q

Either way, PFC plays an important rol in drug use through ____ ______ and ____ ________ (Goldstein & Volkow, 2011)

A

emotion regulation

inhibitory control

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14
Q

_______ is the most commonly abused opiate
and abuse comes with high personal and
societal costs.

A

Heroin

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15
Q

Systematic administration of opiates
stimulates _____ ______
causing which effects

A

opiate receptors

  • analgesia [pain relief] (periaqueductal grey matter)
  • Hypothermia (Preoptic area)
  • Sedation (Mesencephalic reticular formation)
  • Reinforcement (VTA and nucleus accumbens)
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16
Q

Opiate related stimuli trigger the release of …

A

dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAC)

17
Q

process of action of Cocaine

A

Deactivates dopamine transporter proteins, blocking reuptake of dopamine

18
Q

how do Amphetamines work

A

also inhibit reuptake of dopamine but directly simulates the release of dopamine from terminal buttons as well

19
Q

cocaine Likely highly addictive – Bozath & Wise (1985) reported that rats that self-administered cocaine were

A

3 times more likely to die than rats who self-administered heroin

20
Q
  • Smoking stimulates
A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

21
Q

Nicotine is associated with the release of … in the … resulting in …

A

dopamine in the
NAC, reinforcing the behaviour (Jasinka et al., 2014)

22
Q
  • It has also been noted that damage to the ____ disrupts smoking addiction
A

insula

23
Q
  • Potential effects of Alcohol
A

– Mild euphoria
– Anxiolytic: reduces the discomfort of anxiety
– Disinhibition
– Alcohol myopia (Steel & Josephs, 1990; MacDonald et
al., 1998)

24
Q

– Alcohol myopia

A
  • tendency for people to respond to near and immediate cues while ignoring more remote cues and potential consequences
25
Q

alcohol Increases activity in the dopaminergic neurons of the ______ system

A

mesolimbic

26
Q

Two major sites of action alcohol

A

– Indirect antagonist at NMDA (glutamate) receptors
– Indirect agonist at GABAA
receptors (anxiolytic and sedative effects)

27
Q

why can alcohol withdrawals kill you

A

Increased sensitivity of NMDA receptors after suppressive
effect of alcohol is removed can trigger seizures and
convulsions

28
Q

The reinforcing effect of alcohol is not solely due to the
dopaminergic system
* Alcohol can also trigger the release of

A

endogenous opioids

29
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A
  • Often seen in alcoholics who are
    malnourished
  • Caused by a lack of vitamin B1 in the brain and exacerbated by the toxic effects of alcohol
  • Damage to areas of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies- structures important for encoding new memories.
30
Q

_________ receptors mediatemost of the psychotropic effects of THC

A

Cannabinoid Type 1 (CB1)

31
Q

THC also has a stimulating effect on

A

dopaminergic neurons

32
Q

CB1 receptors also have a probable role in

A

the reinforcing effects of other drugs as well as cannabis

33
Q

Kendler et al. (2003) investigated the
specificity of genetic and environmental risk
factors for use and abuse/dependence of 6
classes of illicit substances
– Interviews of 1,196 male-male twin pairs

FouND

A

Environment plays a stronger role in Drug use

but

genetics play a stronger role in determining whether the person becomes addicted

34
Q

It is estimated that __ - __% of the vulnerability to addiction can
be attributed to genetic factors

includes variability in which 2 areas

A

40-60%

Includes both variability in metabolism of the drug and
variability in the sensitivity to the reinforcing effects

35
Q
  • Environmental factors also influence addiction e.g.
A
  • drug availability,
  • low SES,
  • poor parental support,
  • stress
36
Q

Opiate addiction is most commonly treated with _________, an orally administered replacement drug
* A newer drug, _______ blocks the effect of opiates and produces only a weak opiate effect.

A

methadone

buprenorphine

37
Q
A