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Uom psych Sem 2 > wk 8 + 9 BB > Flashcards

wk 8 + 9 BB Flashcards

1
Q

Nuerodiversity led to a paradigm shift, allowing for

A

a greater input from the autistic community and collaborative research practices

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2
Q

The social model of disability aligns with neurodiversity as it

A

it takes social and environmental factors into count

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3
Q

The medical model of disability assumes impairment and tries to

A

fix the problem

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4
Q

Markers of a universal theory must be

A

specific (apply to all members of group)

Sensitive (explain all features of the condition)

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5
Q

a universal theory tries to

A

explain one component that explains differences between groups

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6
Q

Differences in _____ _______ recognition in autistic community

potentially driven by

A

facial emotion

a subgroup eho performed poorer on a facial emotion recognition task, an who also showed differences in neural processing and clinically defined features of autism

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7
Q

Higher rates of ______ found in autistic people

A

alexithymia

also associated with higher clinically defined features of autism and increased levels of experienced anxiety

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8
Q
  • _____% of the English population diagnosed autistic
A

0.82

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9
Q

DSM criteria autism

A

Differences in social communication and interaction
- Specific patterns of behaviour, passionate interests, or focused activities
- Sensory hyper- or hypo-sensitivities

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10
Q

Concordance rates of autism

A

Twins: MZ rates: 60%, DZ
rates: 5%;

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11
Q

Co-occurring diagnoses
are common in people
with autism across the
lifespan, e.g.:

A

ADHD (28%)
* Anxiety (20%)
* Depression (11%)

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12
Q

Fact: Most up-to-date
estimate ratio of autistic
males to females is

A

3:1.

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13
Q

“Girls who meet criteria for
[autism] are at disproportionate
risk of not receiving a clinical
diagnosis.”

Why ?

A
  • Genetic differences and susceptibility
  • Underdiagnosis of autistic women and girls
  • Differences in characteristics and traits
  • Camouflaging
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14
Q

Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire – CAT-Q

Three subscales:

A

Masking: strategies used to hide autistic characteristics or portray a non-autistic persona

Compensation: strategies used to actively compensate for difficulties in social situations

Assimilation: Strategies that reflect trying to fit in with others in social situations (the motivation)

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15
Q

which gender camouflages more

A

females

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16
Q

Theory of Mind:

A

: the ability to attribute independent mental
states to oneself and others to explain their behaviour

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17
Q
  • Evidence for differences in mentalising at the neural level
    is
A

inconsistent

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18
Q

The Double Empathy Problem can lead to

A

a breakdown in
mutual understanding between autistic and non-autistic
people

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19
Q

levels of acetylcholine are high in the

A

hippocampus and neocortex

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20
Q

acetylcholine role in sleep

where is this produced to cause this effect

A

activating AcH neurones in the basal forebrain causes wakefulness

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21
Q

i AcH high or low in slow wave sleep

A

low

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22
Q

Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline

Activity of noradrenergic locus coeruleus- neurons increases ______

A

vigilance

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23
Q

Norepinephrine increases or decreases during wakefulness

A

increases

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24
Q

how is serotonin involved in arousal.

how do concentrations change during sleep/wake cycle

A

serotonergic neurons are most active during waking, steadily decline during sleep to almost zero acivity in REM sleep.
The second after REM sleep, become very active

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25
Q

Stimulation of raphe nuclei (where most serotonergic neurons are found) causes

A

locomotion and cortical arousal

26
Q

histaminergic neurons are located in the

A

hypothalamus

27
Q

Drugs that prevent the synthesis of histamine or block histamine receptors do ….

A

decrease waking,increase sleep

28
Q

activity in histaminergic neurons is high or low during slow wave and REM sleep

A

low

29
Q

cells that secrete Orexin are located in the

A

hypothalamus

30
Q

Orexin has a _____ effect in the _____ ______ and all other regions involved in arousal and wakefullness

A

excitatory

cerebral cortex

31
Q

Activating neurons in the _____ ______ of mice awakens the animals from REM and non-REM sleep

A

lateral hypothalamus

32
Q

does orexin fire more in sleep or awake

A

more in awake

33
Q

alpha brain activity

A

regular, medium frequency waves 8-12 Hz (resting quietly)

34
Q

beta brain activity

A

irregular, mostly low amplitude waves

13 - 30 hz (alert and attentive)

35
Q

Stage 1 sleep d

A

drowsy

Theta activity (3.5 - 7.5 Hz)

ab 10 mins

36
Q

Stage 2 sleep

2 characteristics specific to stage 2 sleep

A

irregular EEG

Theta activity

sleep spindles - short bursts of waves 12-14 hz

K complexes - sudden sharp waveforms

37
Q

K complexes are associated with

A

consolidation of memories

38
Q

increased number of sleep spindles are associated with

A

higher scores on intelligence tests

39
Q

stage 3 and 4 , slow wave sleep

A

high amplitude delta waves . slower than 3.5 Hz

slow wave oscillations

40
Q

slow wave oscillations have 2 states

A

down state = inhibition in cortex. neurons in neocortex are silent. suggesting rest

up state = period of excitation where neurons briefly fire at a high rate

41
Q

REM sleep

A

EEG desynchrony rapid irregular waves
- paralysis
- if woken, will be attentive and alert
- cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption accelerated
- body temperature not regulated

42
Q

sleep is controlled by 3 factors

A

homeostatic, allostatic, circadian

43
Q

primary homeostatic process of sleep

A

presence or absence of adenosine

44
Q

allostatic control of sleep is mediated by

A

hormonal and neural responses to stressful situations

45
Q

to promote sleep, what neurons become active and where

A

group of GABAnergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) becomes active and suppresses activity of arousal neurons

46
Q

the sleep-wake flip-flop is ON when

A

the sleep promoting neurons in the vlPOA are inhibited and the arousal neurons are active

= awake

47
Q

Morivation to stay awake is held by which NT

A

Orexin

orexinergic neurons in the LH hold the flip-flop on, keeping you awake.

If you lose the motivation to stay awake, will be lack of orexin and flip flop will switch off

48
Q

What factors control the activity of the orexinergic neurons ?

A
  • biological clock
  • hunger signals (stay awake)
  • satiety inhibit (so sleep)
  • build up of adenosine (happens as we are awake) inhibits input from vlPOA to Orexinergic neurons
49
Q

Acetylcholinergic neurons fire at a ____ rate in REM sleep

A

high

50
Q

There is an REM sleep flip-flop

REM-ON neurons are located in the _____

REM-OFF neurons are located in the_____

A

pons (in SLD)

midbrain (in vlPAG)

51
Q

During waking the REM -OFF region receives exitatory input from

A

orexinergic neurons of the LH, tips REM flip-flop into OFF state

52
Q

how do specific neurons control the muscular paralysis of REM sleep

A

when the REM flip-flop is on the ON state, motor neurons in the spinal chord become inhibited and cannot respond to the signals arising from the motor cortex in the course of a dream.

53
Q
  • Slow-wave sleep deprivation affects
A

cognitive abilities,
especially sustained attention, but not physical abilities

54
Q

in slow wave sleep, Cerebral metabolic rate and blood
flow falls by about

A

75%

55
Q

Rebound phenomenon, REM sleep

A

If deprived of REM sleep, you will have more REM sleep in the
next sleep period

56
Q

Highest proportion of REM sleep occurs during

A

brain
development.

57
Q

Why do adults continue to have REM sleep?

A

Learning- both REM and slow-wave sleep
facilitate learning

58
Q

Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep
appear to play different roles in the consolidation of memories e.g.

A

REM sleep facilitates consolidation of non-declarative memories

slow-wave sleep facilitates consolidation of declarative memories

59
Q

Studies by Peigneaux et al. (2004) and Wamsley et al. (2010)
investigated the role of slow-wave sleep in navigation (learning
your way around a virtual town)

A

Both studies confirmed a role of slow-wave sleep in learning our
way around.
* We appear to rehearse the information during slow-wave sleep
and consolidate learning.

60
Q
A

Uom psych Sem 2 (42 decks)

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