wk 3 MH Flashcards
(39 cards)
General definition:
(Psychological) trauma
a (‘traumatised’): A
general term referring to an emotional (&
physiological) response to an intensively
distressing event/s, which can have lasting
mental, emotional, physical and social
impacts
(Potentially) traumatising experiences are more likely to develop into mental health difficulties when traumatic experiences are:
- Repeated/multiple or prolonged; when ”escape” is difficult or impossible
- Interpersonal (they involve people close to the person or meaningful others)
- Happen at critical developmental stages (childhood, adolescence and ‘life transitions’)
- Stress proliferation theory/effects (Pearlin, 1981; LeBlanc et al., 2015)
- A stressor/set of stressors expand or develop within and beyond a situation
- Result in new stressors (that were not originally present)
- Thus, early stressors in life may increase risk to mental health difficulties via the proliferation of further stressors
- Mothers’ own adverse childhood experiences were associated with child mental health difficulties at 5 years, mediated by maternal depression and attachment difficulties (anxiety/avoidance) (Cooke et al., 2019) – Suggests that …
Suggests that trauma can have indirect intergenerational effects on mental health
On average, people exposed to childhood adversities
are ___ x more likely to develop psychosis (Varese et al., 2012)
Up to a third of cases of psychosis could be attributable
to the impact of childhood adversities (Varese et al., 2012)
Those exposed to 5 types of childhood trauma: __x
more likely to have experienced psychosis (Shevlin et al.,
2007)
3x
53 x
cognitive and emotional effect of adverse life experiences
- Sense of threat
- emotional dysregulation (struggle to find balance)
- Negative belief about self, others, world
- Maladaptive thinking styles (rumimnation suppression)
adverse life experiences affecting physiological
-stress effects on neuroendocrine system (eg HPA axis)
-Long lasting neurobiological changes e.g: hightened stress sensitivity
how do adverse life experiences effect behaviour
-Health harming beh as a way of coping e.g: alc, drug, self harm)
-Other behaviours as ways of coping
adverse life experiences affecting social
- difficulties in relationships and trusting others (directly and indirectly due to the other effect)
Research
limitations
on ACES
(adverse childhood experiences)
-Most use retrospective data ( may not report, may have limited recall)
-Life event Counts are limited as not all ACEs are equal
-ACES do not occour randomly, predispositions
-focus on ACES means relatively little is known about hat kind of stressors impact MH the most
-
Merrick et al.’s (2017) Californian study
(N = 7465) found a dose-response
(graded) relationship between number
of ACEs and _______ affect
depressed
Estimated % who develop PTSD following…
Severe beating / physical assault
___._%
Stabbing or shooting
__._%
31.9
15.4%
estimated % who had depression after loosing a spouse later in life =
13%
Most of us experience have experience of 1+ ‘potentially
traumatising’ life experiences (PTEs):
____% based on combined samples from 24 countries using the
World Mental Health Survey (N = >68k)
* And 30.5% had 4+ PTEs (Benjet et al., 2015)of older US adults (mean 60 years) (Ogle et al., 2013)
90
___% based on combined samples from 24 countries using the
World Mental Health Survey (N = >68k)
* And ___% had 4+ PTEs (Benjet et al., 2015)
70%
30.5
Individuals with depression are at _._x - _._x as likely to have
experienced a major stressful life event before the first onset of
depression (Kendler et al., 2000; Slavich & Irwin, 2014).
2.5x
9.4x
Developmental trauma:
Childhood trauma (usually repeated/prolonged) characterised by various forms of dysregulation (affective, behavioural, attentional, physiological), but often does not fit the PTSD criteria based on the defined stressor(s) (low or no recollection); neither are there some PTSD symptoms; e.g. flashbacks (Van der Kolk, 2005)
High prevalence of at least 1 ACE: ___% British adults;___% Korean adults, __% Swedish adults
* __% of UK adults have experienced 4+ ACEs
47%
50
25
8
Much higher rates of 1+ ACEs in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC)
* E.g. ___/__% young Malawian men/women, >__% Brazilian adolescents, __% in Philippines and China
90/77%
80
75
Regarding types of ACE, ______ abuse may be particularly
destructive to mental health.
emotional
Meta-analysis of 97 studies by Palmer-Klaus et al. (2015) found:
- Bipolar disorder: __ times more likely than non-clinical controls to report childhood emotional abuse
- Borderline personality disorder: __x more likely than controls to report childhood adversities;
__x more likely to report childhood emotional abuse
4
14x
38x
Merrick et al. (2017): The strongest effect of any single ACE on outcomes measured was emotional abuse on ______ _______ (5.6 times increased risk)
attempted suicide
The way society is structured contributes to mental health difficulties through:
social inequality e.g.
Social inequality
* Poverty (or socioeconomic disadvantage) * Discrimination (e.g. racism, transphobia, homophobia)
Discrimination
Unfair treatment or negative attitudes towards categories of people (based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, religion, disability, sexual orientation etc.)*
Not always overt; often ‘subtle’ but damaging forms of singling out members (e.g. limiting access to social resources)
Across Europe (N = 40k), those belonging to more _______ ‘categories’ have more depressive symptoms
minoritised
- Effect stronger in Eastern & Southern European countries; Alvarez-Galvez &
