wk 7 MH

Question 1

affect changes in mania

Answer 1

intense elated mood. agitated and irritable

Question 2

physiological changes in mania

Answer 2

Decreases need for sleep,
increase sense of energy,
psychomotor agitation (not being able to stay still)

Question 3

is hypomania or mania more severe

Answer 3

mania

Question 4

behavioural changes in mania

Answer 4

• Excessive involvement in pleasurable risk-taking activities,
• pressure of speech (talk fast)
• Increased goal-directed activity

Question 5

cognitive changes in mania

Answer 5

• inflated self-esteem/grandiosity,
• Flight of ideas/racing thoughts,
• distractibility

Question 6

How common is hypomania?

N = 148 Lancaster University students completed Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ; Hirschfeld et al., 2000)

Found what percentage of people had experiences indicating hypomania

Answer 6

35.1%

Question 7

In the general population, the life-time prevalence of mania is __-__% (Hanquett et al., 2005; Wickham et al 2015)

Answer 7

4-9

Question 8

Episodes of mania and hypomania often (but not always) co-occur with

Answer 8

depression/low mood.

Question 9

Bipolar 1

Answer 9

at least one manic episode. major depressive episodes are typical but not necessary for diagnosisb

Question 10

Bipolar 2

Answer 10

At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode

Question 11

Psychological factors of Bipolar disorder

Answer 11

Highly unstable and fluctuating self esteem

Conflictual appraisals about mood and internal states

Question 12

psychosis

Answer 12

medical term used to describe many experiences of “losing contact with reality” including:

-Ability to think clearly
-Telling difference between reality and inner experiences
-Changes in the way people behave

Question 13

Psychosis is regarded as a ______ ______ of specific psychiatric disorders, particularly ______ but psychotic experiences are actually observed in the context of many other mental health difficulties e.g _____ + _____ etc

Answer 13

characteristic feature
schizophrenia
depression, trauma

Question 14

two types of symptoms in psychosis

Answer 14

positive, negative

Question 15

negative symptoms of psychosis

Answer 15

defined by absence of emotonal responses, thought processes and behaviours that are usual in most indoviduals

Question 16

positive symptoms of psychosis

Answer 16

defined by presence of states and experiences that individuals do not normally experience.

Question 17

sensory perceptions unrelated to outside events, often auditory, but can be in any other/multiple sensory modality inc. visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, somatic

is this positive or negative symptom

Answer 17

Hallucinations

positive

Question 18

Delusions

is this positive or negative symptom

Answer 18

False beliefs, often held with great conviction, wide range of possible themes e.g. grandiose beliefs, persecutory/ paranoid beliefs

positive symptom

Question 19

Thought disorder

is this positive or negative symptom

Answer 19

incomprehensive thought patterns as evidenced by disorganised speech,e.g. flight of ideas, loose associations based on phonetics rather than semantics

positive

Question 20

alogia

is this positive or negative symptom

Answer 20

poverty of speech

negative

Question 21

Avolition

is this positive or negative symptom

Answer 21

lack of motivation

Question 22

Blunted, fat or reduced affect

is this positive or negative symptom

Answer 22

inability to express appropriate emotions

negative

Question 23

Anhedonia

is this positive or negative symptom

Answer 23

inability to experience pleaseure

negative

Question 24

Asociality

is this positive or negative symptom

Answer 24

social withdran, lack of desire to engage in social interactions/form relationships

negative

Question 25

approx ___% of general population experience paranoid ideation

Answer 25

30%

Question 26

ESTIMATED only ___-___% of people have a diagnosis of auditory hallucinations in general population

Answer 26

0.5-1%

Question 27

___% of people who receive diagnoses of schizophrenia remain socially and occupationally impaired many years after diagnosis

Answer 27

25

Question 28

Lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia = __-__%

Answer 28

5-10%

Question 29

psychological theory of hallucinations (emergence of psychotic experiences )

Answer 29

Source monitoring biases ability to distinguish between internal and external cognitive events, stress can disrupt

Question 30

psychological theory of Delusions/Paranoia (emergence of psychotic experiences )

Answer 30

* Theory of mind difficulties (not understanding others mental states), * Jumping to conclusion biases ( making overconfident conclusion based on little evidence) * Attributional style (external, personalised attributions for negative events (e.g. i failed my exam bc my teacher hates me))

Question 31

psychological theories of psychosocial factors of schizophrenia (emergence of psychotic experiences )

Answer 31

stressful life events trauma social inequality

Question 32

psychological theories of negative belief s about hte self and the world (distress of psychotic experiences )

Answer 32

Garety et al 2001, Often arises from a background of victimisation and powerlessness

Question 33

psychological theories of Negative, threateneing appraisals of psychotic experiences (distress of psychotic experiences )

Answer 33

"hearing voices means that I am going nuts!" Morrison et al 2001

Question 34

Personality

Answer 34

the collection of enduring behavioural and psychological traits that distinguish human beings

Question 35

personality difficulties are

Answer 35

maladaptive and enduring patterns of behaviour, thought and inner experience etc. exhibited across many contexts, that differ markedly from those accepted by the individuals culture and society

Question 36

personality difficulties are particularly evident in two areas:

Answer 36

1) Expression and self regulation of distressing emotions 2) Interpersonal relationships

Question 37

Common experiences in people diagnosed with personality disorders:

Answer 37

* Experiencing intense and overwhelming negative feelings * Difficulties in managing overwhelming feelings (often using damaging strategies to cope such as drug use) * Difficulties maintaining stable and close relationships (children, partners, professional carers)

Question 38

Prevalence of difficulties leading to personality disorders in the UK is

Answer 38

4-5%

Question 39

stigma surrounding personality disorders

Answer 39

negative reaction from mental health professionals, not seen as a real mental illness professionals expect negative interactions People with a diagnosis seen as untreatable, manipulative, attention seeking

Question 40

How to overcome stigma of personality disorder

Answer 40

-empathy -"what happened to you?" rather than "what's wrong with you?" e.g: meta analysis of 97 studies found that ppl with a diagnosis of BPD over 13 times more likely to report childhood adversity that non-clinical controls

Question 41

psychological theories of personality difficulties : Attachement

Answer 41

attachment styles important determinant of effective emotional self-regulation (we learn to self sooth from being soothed) Insecure attachment styles have been extensively linked to personality difficulties

Question 42

other factors linked to personality difficulties

Answer 42

* Emotional neglect, * dismissing family environments * adverse early life experiences