Word List 06 Flashcards

Question

impugn

Answer 1

impugn v. to express doubts about someone’s honesty, courage, ability etc - I did not mean to impugn her professional abilities. v. to cause people to doubt someone's character, qualities, or reputation by criticizing them: - Are you impugning my competence as a professional designer? رد کردن، اعتراض کردن (به)، تکذیب کردن، عیب جویی کردن، مورد اعتراض قرار دادن

Answer 2

elaborate adj. having a lot of small parts or details put together in a complicated way SYN intricate - pure silks embroidered with elaborate patterns adj. carefully planned and organized in great detail SYN complex - a very elaborate telecommunications network v. to give more details or new information about something SYN enlarge - He said he had new evidence, but refused to elaborate any further. elaborate on - McDonald refused to elaborate on his reasons for resigning. استادانه درست شده، به زحمت درست شده، به زحمت ساختن، دارای جزئیات، با دقت شرح دادن

Answer 3

pejorative adj. a word or expression that is pejorative is used to show disapproval or to insult someone - For hard-line Republicans, the word ‘liberal’ had become a pejorative term. - Make sure students realize that "fat" is a pejorative word. - It comes as quite a shock to still hear a judge describing a child as "illegitimate", with all the pejorative overtones of that word. تنزل دهنده، تحقیر آمیز، واژه تحقیری

Answer 4

blithe adj. seeming not to care or worry about the effects of what you do - a blithe disregard for the facts adj. literary happy and having no worries - She shows a blithe disregard for danger. مهربان، خوش قلب، خوش، آدم شوخ و مهربان، مهربانی، دوستانه، نرم و ملایم، شوخ، شاد دل

Answer 5

refute v. to prove that a statement or idea is not correct SYN rebut refute a hypothesis/a claim/an idea etc - an attempt to refute Darwin’s theories v. to say that a statement is wrong or unfair SYN deny refute an allegation/a suggestion etc - She refuted any allegations of malpractice. رد کردن، تکذیب کردن، اشتباه کسی را اثبات کردن

Answer 6

vacuous adj. showing no intelligence or having no useful purpose - a vacuous expression - a vacuous romantic novel - a vacuous remark/question/expression/smile تهی، خالی، بی مفهوم، پوچ کم عقل، بیمعنی

Answer 7

enervate v. to make you feel tired and weak - The hot sun enervated her to the point of collapse. سست کردن، بی رگ کردن، بی حال کردن، جسما ضعیف کردن، ناتوان کردن بی اثر کردن

Answer 8

honorific adj. showing or giving honour or respect: an honorific title تجلیلی، افتخار آمیز، عنوان تجلیلی

Answer 9

disprove v. to show that something is wrong or not true OPP prove - These figures disproved Smith’s argument. - The allegations have been disproved. رد کردن، اثبات کذب چیزی را کردن

Answer 10

extinguish v. to make a fire or light stop burning or shining SYN put out - Please extinguish all cigarettes. - Firemen were called to extinguish the blaze. - It took the firefighters several hours to extinguish the flames. - to extinguish a cigarette v. to make an idea or feeling stop - All hope was almost extinguished. خاموش کردن، خفه کردن فرونشاندن، کشتن، منقرض کردن

Answer 11

excoriate v. to express a very bad opinion of a book, play etc - an excoriating review in ‘The Times’ v. to write or say that a play, book, political action, etc. is very bad: - His latest novel received excoriating reviews. - The president excoriated the Western press for their biased views. به شدت انتقاد کردن

Answer 12

immutable adj. never changing or impossible to change - This decision should not be seen as immutable. - an immutable law - Some people regard grammar as an immutable set of rules. تغییر ناپذیر، پا بر جا

Answer 13

hypercritical adj. too eager to criticize other people and things, especially about small details adj. extremely critical (= too eager to find mistakes in everything) مفرط در انتقاد

Answer 14

momentous adj. very important because of effects on future events: - the momentous news of the president's death - Whether or not to move overseas was a momentous decision for the family. OPP trivial مهم، خطیر، واجب، با اهمیت

Answer 15

esteem n. a feeling of respect for someone, or a good opinion of someone hold somebody in high/great esteem - The critics held him in high esteem as an actor. token/mark of somebody’s esteem (=a sign of their respect) - Please accept the small gift we enclose as a mark of our esteem. esteem for - my father’s complete lack of esteem for actors v. to respect and admire someone or something - Peden was greatly esteemed by the people of Ayrshire. - He was esteemed as a literary wit. قدر، اعتبار، اقدام، رعایت ارزش، نظر، شهرت، ارجمند شمردن، لایق دانستن، محترم شمردم

Answer 16

traumatic adj. a traumatic experience is so shocking and upsetting that it affects you for a long time - His son’s death was the most traumatic event in Stan’s life. adj. causing severe and lasting emotional shock and pain: Some of the most disturbed children had witnessed really traumatic things, such as rape and murder. وابسته به روان زخم، زخمی جراحتی، ضربه ای

Answer 17

secretive adj. People who are secretive hide their feelings, thoughts, intentions, and actions from other people: - He's being very secretive about his new girlfriend. adj. a secretive person or organization likes to keep their thoughts, intentions, or actions hidden from others OPP open - The government has been accused of being secretive and undemocratic. secretive about - Carla was always very secretive about her work. سری، پنهان کار، مرموز

Answer 18

delegate n. someone who has been elected or chosen to speak, vote, or take decisions for a group → representative - Around 350 delegates attended the conference. v. to give part of your power or work to someone in a lower position than you - A good manager knows when to delegate. - It takes experience to judge correctly how much power should be delegated. delegate something to somebody - Minor tasks should be delegated to your assistant. نمایندگی دادن، وکالت دادن، محول کردن به، نماینده

Answer 19

abeyance n. a state of not happening or being used at present: - Hostilities between the two groups have been in abeyance since last June. - The project is being held in abeyance until agreement is reached on funding it. بی تکلیفی، وقفه، تعلیق

Answer 20

blatant adj. very obvious and intentional, when this is a bad thing: - a blatant lie - The whole episode was a blatant attempt to gain publicity. adj. (of an action) obvious or intentional, and done without worry about what others think: - His behavior showed a blatant lack of respect. پرسروصدا، شلوغ کننده خودنما، خشن، رسوا

Answer 21

flamboyant adj. behaving in a confident or exciting way that makes people notice you flamboyant style/character/personality - his flamboyant style of play - He lifted his arms in a flamboyant gesture. adj. brightly coloured and easily noticed - flamboyant clothes - She has red hair and a rather flamboyant appearance. شعله دار، زرق و برق دار، وابسته به مکتب، معماری گوتیگ، شعله مانند

Answer 22

lucid adj. expressed in a way that is clear and easy to understand - You must write in a clear and lucid style. adj. able to understand and think clearly, used especially about someone who is not always able to do this - In her more lucid moments the old lady would talk about her past. شفاف، روشن، واضح، درخشان، زلال، براق، سالم

Answer 23

opaque adj. opaque glass or liquid is difficult to see through and often thick OPP transparent - a shower with an opaque glass door adj. difficult to understand SYN obscure - an opaque style of writing مات، غیر شفاف، مبهم، کدر شیشه یا رنگ مات

Answer 24

alarmism n. the often unwarranted exciting of fears or warning of danger n. needless warnings هراس افرینی، آشوب طلبی

Answer 25

divisive adj. causing a lot of disagreement between people - The strike was a divisive issue in the community. socially/economically/politically etc divisive - socially divisive policies - The Vietnam war was an extremely divisive issue in the US تفرقه انداز، تقسیم کننده

Answer 26

torpor n. a state of being not active because you are lazy or sleepy - She tried to rouse him from the torpor into which he had sunk. n. the state of not being active and having no energy or enthusiasm n. the state of reduced activity that some animals experience during the winter بی حال، خدر

Answer 27

indolent adj. lazy adj. showing no real interest or effort: - an indolent wave of the hand - an indolent reply سست، تنبل

Answer 28

compulsory adj. If something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law: - Swimming was compulsory at my school. - The law made wearing seat belts in cars compulsory. compulsory schooling/education - 11 years of compulsory education - Car insurance is compulsory. اجباری، قهری

Answer 29

revelation n. a surprising fact about someone or something that was previously secret and is now made known revelation about/concerning - He resigned after revelations about his affair. - startling revelations about his background revelation that - revelations that two senior officers had lied in court - a moment of revelation - His wife divorced him after the revelation that he was having an affair. - Shocking revelations about their private life appeared in the papers. n. the act of suddenly making known a surprising fact that had previously been secret revelation of - the revelation of previously unknown facts فاش سازی، آشکار سازی افشاء، وحی، الهام

Answer 30

contingency n. something that might possibly happen in the future, usually causing problems or making further arrangements necessary: - You must be able to deal with all possible contingencies. - Have you made any contingency plans? - a contingency plan - Add up your outgoings, putting on a bit more for contingencies. احتمال، احتمال وقوع، چیزی که در آینده ممکن است رخ دهد، تصافی، محتمل الوقوع

Answer 31

prolific adj. producing a great number or amount of something: - He was probably the most prolific songwriter of his generation. - Rabbits and other rodents are prolific (= have a lot of babies). adj. a prolific artist, writer etc produces many works of art, books etc - Handel’s prolific output of opera adj. a prolific sports player produces a lot of runs, goals etc - the most prolific goalscorer this decade پرزا، حاصلخیز، بارور نیرومند، پرکار، فراوان

Answer 32

alacrity n. quickness and eagerness with alacrity - She accepted with alacrity. - She accepted the money with alacrity. چابکی، نشاط

Answer 33

transcend v. to go beyond the usual limits of something - The desire for peace transcended political differences. v. to go further, rise above, or be more important or better than something, especially a limit: - The best films are those which transcend national or cultural barriers. - The underlying message of the film is that love transcends everything else. ورارفتن، برتری یافتن، سبقت جستن، بالاتر بودن

Answer 34

resonate v. if something such as an event or a message resonates, it seems important or good to people, or continues to do this resonate with - an idea that resonates with many voters v. to make a deep loud clear sound that continues for a long time → resound - The music resonated through the streets. v. to make a sound that is produced as a reaction to another sound تشدید کردن، پیچیدن، طنین انداختن

Answer 35

uncharacteristic adj. not typical of someone or something and therefore surprising uncharacteristic of - It’s uncharacteristic of her to be late. غیرنوعی غیرمعمولی

Answer 36

impetuous adj. tending to do things very quickly, without thinking carefully first, or showing this quality SYN impulsive - He was high-spirited and impetuous. - She might live to regret this impetuous decision. بی پروا، تند و شدید

Answer 37

disparate adj. consisting of things or people that are very different and not related to each other - a meeting covering many disparate subjects - the difficulties of dealing with disparate groups of people - The two cultures were so utterly disparate that she found it hard to adapt from one to the other. ناجور، مختلف، نا برابر نامساوی، غیرمتجانس

Answer 38

respite n. a short time when something bad stops happening, so that the situation is temporarily better respite from - The trip was a welcome respite from the pressures of work. - a brief respite from persecution without respite - The pain went on without respite. n. a short period of time before you have to do something that you do not like - We have a few days’ respite before we have to pay them. مهلت، فرجه، امان، استراحت، تمدید مدت، رخصت، فرجه دادن

Answer 39

rankle v. to make someone annoyed or angry for a long time: - The unkind way in which his girlfriend left him still rankled with him long after. - [ + that ] It still rankles that she got promoted, and I didn't. چرک نشستن، چرک جمع کردن، جان گدازبودن جانسوزبودن، عذاب دادن

Answer 40

acquiesce v. to accept or agree to something, often unwillingly: - Reluctantly, he acquiesced to/in the plans. v. to do what someone else wants, or allow something to happen, even though you do not really agree with it acquiesce in/to - Oil companies have been accused of acquiescing in the pollution of the ocean. تسلیم شدن، تن در دادن راضی شدن، رضایت دادن موافقت کردن، آرام کردن

Answer 41

remedy n. a way of dealing with a problem or making a bad situation better SYN solution - The problems in our schools do not have a simple remedy. remedy for - The program is one remedy for discrimination. ``` n. a medicine to cure an illness or pain that is not very serious SYN cure cold/cough remedy - a remedy for colds herbal/natural remedy - a natural remedy that helps insomnia ``` v. to deal with a problem or improve a bad situation SYN put right - To remedy the situation, the water must be chemically treated. beyond/without remedy: if a situation is beyond remedy, nothing can be done to make it better - She felt as if her marital problems were beyond remedy. گزیر، علاج، دارو، درمان میزان، چاره، اصلاح کردن جبران کردن، درمان کردن

Answer 42

congruous adj. the same as, or in agreement with, other facts or principles: - His conclusion is congruous with one previously drawn by Mayer. موافق، سازگار، درخور درست تلافی کننده یاجفت شونده

Answer 43

gadfly n. someone who is always annoying or criticizing other people: - They have been accused of being a party of cranks and political gadflies. n. a fly that bites cattle and horses خر مگس، آدم مردم ازار مزاحم

Answer 44

shrink v. to become smaller, or to make something smaller, through the effects of heat or water - I’m worried about washing that shirt in case it shrinks. v. to become or to make something smaller in amount, size, or value OPP grow - The city continued to shrink. shrink to - The firm’s staff had shrunk to only four people. - Treatment can shrink a tumour. - We want to expand the business, not shrink it. v. to move back and away from something, especially because you are frightened - She listened, shrinking under the blankets, to their shouts. چروک شدن، جمع شدن، کوچک شدن، عقب کشیدن، اب رفتن (پارچه)، شانه خالی کردن از

Answer 45

overwrought adj. very upset, nervous, and worried - Clara was tired and overwrought after all the problems of the last few days. - She was so tired and overwrought that she burst into tears. - He was in an overwrought state/condition for weeks after the accident. پر کار، کار برده، تهیه شده ازروی مهارت، عصبی

Answer 46

purposeful adj. having a clear aim or purpose SYN determined OPP purposeless - a purposeful and consistent foreign policy - a purposeful movement بامقصود

Answer 47

prognosis n. a doctor’s opinion of how an illness or disease will develop → diagnosis good/poor prognosis - Doctors said Blake’s long-term prognosis is good. n. a judgment about the future, based on information or experience prognosis of - a hopeful prognosis of the country’s future development پیش بینی مرض، بهبودی ازمرض در اثر پیش بینی جریان مرض، پیش بینی مال اندیشی

Answer 48

malleable adj. something that is malleable is easy to press or pull into a new shape - malleable steel adj. someone who is malleable can be easily influenced or changed by other people - a malleable child چکش خور، نرم و قابل انعطاف

Answer 49

forgo v. to not do or have something pleasant or enjoyable SYN go without - I had to forgo lunch. - I shall have to forgo the pleasure of seeing you this week. چشم پوشیدن از، صرفنظرکردن از، رها کردن

Answer 50

encumber v. to make it difficult for you to do something or for something to happen SYN burden - He died in 1874, heavily encumbered by debt. be encumbered with something - The whole process was encumbered with bureaucracy. سنگین کردن، اسباب زحمت شدن، دست و پای (کسی را) گرفتن، باز داشتن

Answer 51

barbarity n. a very cruel act - the medieval barbarity of putting people in prison for debt - This barbarity must cease! - The dictatorship has been responsible for countless barbarities. وحشیگری، بی رحمی، قساوت قلب

Answer 52

sanctimonious adj. behaving as if you are morally better than other people, in a way that is annoying – used to show disapproval SYN self-righteous - sanctimonious politicians preaching about family values adj. acting as if morally better than others: - sanctimonious religious leaders preaching about morality مقدس نما، مقدس

Answer 53

repugnant adj. very unpleasant and offensive SYN repellent deeply/utterly/wholly etc repugnant - I find his political ideas totally repugnant. repugnant to - Animal experiments are morally repugnant to many people. - a repugnant smell - I find your attitude towards these women quite repugnant. - The idea of cheating in an exam is morally repugnant to me. متناقض، مخالف، تنفرانگیز زننده

Answer 54

pseudonym n. an invented name that a writer, artist etc uses instead of their real name SYN nom de plume under a pseudonym - He wrote under the pseudonym ‘Silchester’. n. a name someone uses instead of their real name, especially on a written work: - She writes under a pseudonym. - George Orwell was a pseudonym - his real name was Eric Blair. اسم مستعار، تخلص

Answer 55

explicit adj. expressed in a way that is very clear and direct → implicit - The contrast could not have been made more explicit. - explicit knowledge of grammar explicit about - He made the rules without being explicit about them. adj. language or pictures that are explicit describe or show sex or violence very clearly - The film contains some very explicit love scenes. - sexually explicit language صریح، روشن، واضح، آشکار، صاف، ساده

Answer 56

inexorable adj. an inexorable process cannot be stopped SYN unstoppable - the inexorable decline of Britain’s manufacturing industry - the seemingly inexorable rise in crime - the inexorable progress of science نرم نشدنی، سخت، سنگدل، بی شفقت، تسلیم نشدنی

Answer 57

dissemble v. to hide your true feelings, thoughts etc v. to hide your real intentions and feelings or the facts: - He accused the government of dissembling. تلبیس کردن، تدلیس کردن پنهان کردن، وانمود کردن بهانه کردن، نادیده گرفتن

Answer 58

scintillating adj. interesting, clever, and amusing - scintillating conversation - a scintillating performance - scintillating wit/repartee/conversation - a scintillating personality/speech (=scintillant ,sparkling) جرقه زننده، بارقه دار

Answer 59

luminary n. someone who is very famous or highly respected for their skill at doing something or their knowledge of a particular subject - luminaries of Parisian society n. a person who is famous and important in a particular area of activity: Luminaries of stage and screen (= famous actors) assembled for last night's awards ceremony. جسم روشن، جرم آسمانی جرم نورافکن آسمانی، آدم نورانی، پر فروغ شخصیت تابناک

Answer 60

empower v. to give someone more control over their own life or situation - The Voting Rights Act was needed to empower minority groups. v. to give a person or organization the legal right to do something be empowered to do something - The president is empowered to appoint judges to the Supreme Court. صاحب اختیار و قدرت کردن قدرت دادن، اختیار دادن وکالت دادن empowerment (n): - Company programs encourage worker empowerment.

Answer 61

deference n. polite behaviour that shows that you respect someone and are therefore willing to accept their opinions or judgment deference to - Lewis was annoyed that Adam did not show enough respect and deference to him. out of/in deference to something (=because you respect someone’s beliefs, opinions etc) - They were married in church out of deference to their parents’ wishes. n. respect and politeness: - He treats her with such deference. - She covered her head out of/in deference to (= because of a polite respect for) Muslim custom. تن دردهی، تسلیم، تمکین، احترام (گذاری)

Answer 62

lugubrious adj. very sad and serious – sometimes used humorously SYN melancholy, morose - his lugubrious tear-stained face adj. sad and serious: a lugubrious face محزون (به طور اغراق آمیز یا مضحک)، اندوهگین، غم انگیز، حزن انگیز، تعزیت آمیز

Answer 63

denounce v. to express strong disapproval of someone or something, especially in public → denunciation - Amnesty International denounced the failure by the authorities to take action. denounce somebody/something as something - He denounced the election as a farce. v. to give information to the police or another authority about someone’s illegal political activities denounce somebody to somebody - She denounced him to the police. v. to criticize something or someone strongly and publicly: - The government's economic policy has been denounced on all sides. - We must denounce injustice and oppression. علیه کسی اظهاری کردن کسی یا چیزی را ننگین کردن تقبیح کردن

Answer 64

parochial adj. only interested in things that affect your local area – used to show disapproval - Local newspapers tend to be very parochial. adj. relating to a particular church and the area around it - the parochial church council بلوکی، بخشی، ناحیه ای محدود، کوته نظر

Answer 65

lament v. to express feelings of great sadness about something - The nation lamented the death of its great war leader. v. to express annoyance or disappointment about something you think is unsatisfactory or unfair lament that - He lamented that people had expected too much of him too soon. - She lamented the fact that manufacturers did not produce small packs for single-person households. lament the lack/absence/decline etc of something - Steiner lamented the lack of public interest in the issue. n. a song, piece of music, or something that you say, that expresses a feeling of sadness - A lone piper played a lament. lament for - a lament for the dead تاسف خوردن، زاریدن سوگواری کردن، سوگواری ضجه و زاری کردن

Answer 66

primitive adj. belonging to a simple way of life that existed in the past and does not have modern industries and machines OPP advanced, modern - a primitive society - a primitive nomadic tribe adj. something that is primitive is very simple and does not have the extra modern parts that would make it faster, better, more comfortable etc OPP advanced, modern - The first station buildings were quite primitive. - The local hospital care is primitive and unreliable. adj. a primitive animal or plant has a simple structure or body - primitive life-forms that live deep in the ocean - a primitive single-celled creature adj. primitive feelings are not based on reason, and seem to come from a part of people’s character that is ancient and animal-like - the primitive instinct of survival n. an artist who paints simple pictures like those of a child پیشین، قدیم، بدوی، انسان اولیه، اولیه، اصلی

Answer 67

hamper v. to make it difficult for someone to do something - She tried to run, but was hampered by her heavy suitcase. - An attempt to rescue the men has been hampered by bad weather. n. a basket with a lid, which is used for carrying food or sending it to someone as a present - a picnic hamper - They sent us a lovely Christmas hamper. n. a large basket that you put dirty clothes in until they can be washed SYN laundry basket از کار بازداشتن، مانع شدن مختل کردن، قید

Answer 68

distill v. to make a liquid such as water or alcohol more pure by heating it so that it becomes a gas and then letting it cool. Drinks such as whisky are made this way - distilled water v. to remove a chemical substance from a plant, for example by heating or pressing it v, to get the main ideas or facts from a much larger amount of information distill something into something - The notes I had brought back were waiting to be distilled into a book. تقطیرشدن، عرق گرفتن از، چکاندن

Answer 69

imitate v. to copy the way someone behaves, speaks, moves etc, especially in order to make people laugh - She was a splendid mimic and loved to imitate Winston Churchill. v. to copy something because you think it is good - vegetarian products which imitate meat - The Japanese have no wish to imitate Western social customs and attitudes. نوای کسی را در آوردن، تقلیدکردن، پیروی کردن کپیه کردن

Answer 70

encyclopedic adj. having a lot of knowledge or information about a particular subject - an encyclopedic knowledge of medieval literature جامع، دایره المعارفی

Answer 71

euphemism n. a polite word or expression that you use instead of a more direct one to avoid shocking or upsetting someone - ‘Pass away’ is a euphemism for ‘die’. - "Senior citizen" is a euphemism for "old person". - The article made so much use of euphemism that often its meaning was unclear. حسن تعبیر، استعمال کلمه ء نیکو و مطلوبی برای موضوع یا کلمه ء نامطلوبی

Answer 72

nondescript adj. someone or something that is nondescript looks very ordinary and is not at all interesting or unusual - a rather nondescript suburban house غیرقابل طبقه بندی، وصف ناپذیر، نامعین

Answer 73

adverse adj. not good or favourable - They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets. - Miller’s campaign has received a good deal of adverse publicity. مخالف، مغایر، ناسازگار مضر، روبرو

Answer 74

enduring adj. continuing for a very long time - the enduring appeal of Shakespeare’s plays - enduring hatred adj. existing for a long time: - the enduring appeal of cartoons - I shall be left with many enduring memories of the time I spent in India. بادوام

Answer 75

enliven v. to make something more interesting SYN liven up - Humour can help enliven a dull subject. v. to make something more interesting: - The game was much enlivened when both teams scored within five minutes of each other. زندگی بخشیدن، حیات بخشیدن، جان دادن، نیرو دادن، روح بخشیدن، روح دادن

Word List 06 Flashcards

(99 cards)