Word List 04

Question 1

tantamount

• Her refusal to answer was tantamount to an admission of guilt.
• To leave a dog home alone is tantamount to cruelty.

Answer 1

tantamount

adj. tantamount to sth
being almost the same or having the same effect as something, usually something bad SYN equal

be tantamount to something
if an action, suggestion, plan etc is tantamount to something bad, it has the same effect or is almost as bad

برابر، معادل، هم کف همپایه، بمثابه

Question 2

unflinching

• It is a brave and unflinching account of prison life.
• unflinching courage

Answer 2

unflinching

adj. not changing or becoming weaker, even in a very difficult or dangerous situation
ثابت قدم، پایدار، مصمم

Question 3

prototype

• a prototypical jazz singer
• a working prototype of the new car

Answer 3

prototype

n. the first example of something, such as a machine or other industrial product, from which all later forms are developed

prototypical (adj)

نخستین بشر، اصل ماده، نخستین آفریده، نمونه اصلی، شکل اولیه، مدل پیش الگو، پیش گونه، نمونه اولیه

Question 4

equanimity

• He received the news of his mother’s death with remarkable equanimity.
• Three years after the tragedy she has only just begun to regain her equanimity.

Answer 4

equanimity

n. a calm mental state, especially after a shock or disappointment or in a difficult situation
متانت، خودداری، ملایمت، آرامی، قرار، قضاوت منصفانه، تعادل فکری، انصاف، عدالت

Question 5

espouse

• Vegetarianism is one cause she does not espouse.
• He espoused conservative political views.

Answer 5

espouse

v. to become involved with or support an activity or opinion

v. to support an idea, belief etc, especially a political one
espouse a cause/policy etc

عقدکردن، عروسی کردن، نامزدکردن، شوهردادن، حمایت کردن از، عقیده داشتن به

Question 6

inattention

• Her disappointing exam results are entirely due to her inattention in class.
• a moment of inattention

Answer 6

inattention

n. failure to give attention SYN carelessness

عدم توجه، محل نگذاشتن، بی اعتنا بودن، بی توجهی، بی اعتنایی

Question 7

fractious

• a fractious child
• Children become fractious when they are tired.

Answer 7

fractious

adj. easily upset or annoyed, and often complaining SYN irritable
adj. tending to argue, fight, or complain, and hard to control

بدخو، کج خلق، ننر، متمرد زود رنج

Question 8

disorganized

• The conference was completely disorganized.
• He’s an extremely disorganized person.

Answer 8

disorganized

adj. not arranged or planned in a clear order, or lacking any kind of plan or system OPP well-organized
adj. someone who is disorganized is very bad at arranging or planning things OPP organized

در هم ریخته

Question 9

figurative

• He’s my son, in the figurative sense of the word.
• They have a taste – figuratively speaking – for excitement.

Answer 9

figurative

When speech or writing is not literal, it is figurative, like when you say you have a ton of homework. You don’t really have 2000 pounds of homework, do you? Also, when art depicts a figure from life it is figurative, like a figurative drawing of a dancer.

adj. a figurative word or phrase is used in a different way from its usual meaning, to give you a particular idea or picture in your mind → literal
adj. figurative art shows objects, people, or the countryside as they really look → abstract

مجازی، تمثیلی، رمزی کنایه ای، تصویری، تلویحی

Question 10

entail

• A new computer system entails a lot of re-training.
• Some foreign travel is entailed in the job.
• Due to a restrictive clause in an ancestor’s will, the property was entailed to male-line descendants.

Answer 10

entail

v. to involve something as a necessary part or result
v. if you entail property, you arrange for it to be given to a specific person, usually your oldest son, when you die

مستلزم بودن، شامل بودن، فراهم کردن، متضمن بودن، در بر داشتن، حمل کردن بر، حبس یا وقف کردن، موجب شدن

Question 11

impeccable

• She has taught her children impeccable manners.
• a bar with impeccable service

Answer 11

impeccable

adj. without any faults and impossible to criticize SYN perfect

Question 12

stifle

• rules and regulations that stifle innovation
• How can this party stifle debate on such a crucial issue?
• He stifled an urge to hit her.
• He was almost stifled by the fumes.
• I felt like I was stifling in the humid air.

Answer 12

stifle

v. to stop something from happening or developing OPP encourage

v. to stop a feeling from being expressed
stifle a yawn/smile/grin etc

v. if you are stifled by something, it stops you breathing comfortably → suffocate

خفه کردن، خاموش کردن فرونشاندن

Question 13

pragmatic

• In business, the pragmatic approach to problems is often more successful than an idealistic one.
• He made a pragmatic decision to settle the lawsuit because in the end it would cost more to try it in court.

Answer 13

pragmatic

adj. solving problems in a sensible way that suits the conditions that really exist now, rather than obeying fixed theories, ideas, or rules
adj. based on practical judgments rather than principles

عملی، فعال واقع بین، فلسفه واقع بینی واقعیت گرایی، کاربسته عمل گرا

Question 14

didactic

• His novel has a didactic tone.
• a didactic approach to teaching

Answer 14

didactic

adj. speech or writing that is didactic is intended to teach people a moral lesson
adj. someone who is didactic is too eager to teach people things or give instructions

آموزشی، تعلیمی، یاد دهنده ادبی

Question 15

dazzle

• a deer dazzled by the headlights
• As children, we were dazzled by my uncle’s good looks and charm.

Answer 15

dazzle

v. if a very bright light dazzles you, it stops you from seeing properly for a short time
v. to make someone feel strong admiration

خیره کردن، تابش یا روشنی خیره کننده

Question 16

stalwart

• She has been a stalwart supporter of the party for many years.
• Let me introduce Bob, one of the club’s stalwarts.

Answer 16

stalwart

adj. loyal, especially for a long time; able to be trusted
n. a person who has been loyal for a long time

ستبر، تنومند، قوی، بی باک، مصمم، شدید

stalwart supporter/ally etc
a very loyal and strong supporter etc

Question 17

archaic

• archaic words
• Many smaller radio stations broadcast on archaic equipment.
• archaic civilizations

Answer 17

archaic

adj. old and no longer used SYN outdated OPP modern
adj. old-fashioned and needing to be replaced
adj. from or relating to ancient times SYN ancient

Question 18

palliate

• They tried to palliate the hardship of their lives.
• The drugs palliate pain but have no effect on inflammation (آماس، التهاب، شعله ور سازی، احتراق ).

Answer 18

palliate

v. to reduce the bad effects of something
v. to reduce pain without curing its cause

تسکین دادن، موقتا آرام کردن

Question 19

accede to something

• He graciously acceded to our request.
• It is doubtful whether the government will ever accede to the nationalists’ demands for independence.
• The diaries were written in 1837, when Queen Victoria acceded to the throne.

Answer 19

accede to something

v. to agree to a demand, proposal etc, especially after first disagreeing with it / to agree to do what people have asked you to do

accede to the throne/accede to power: to become king or queen, or to take a position of power

دست یافتن، رسیدن، راه یافتن، نائل شدن، نزدیک شدن، موافقت کردن، رضایت دادن، تن در دادن

Question 20

consort

• They claimed he had been consorting with drug dealers.
• a man who regularly consorted with prostitutes (فاحشه، فاحشه شدن، برای پول خود را پست کردن )

Answer 20

consort

v. to spend a lot of time in the company of a particular group of people, especially people whose character is not approved of
n. a wife or husband, especially of a ruler

همسر، شریک، مصاحب، هم نشین شدن، جور کردن

Question 21

hostile

• Southampton fans gave their former coach a hostile reception.
• The boy feels hostile towards his father.
• Senator Lydon was hostile to our proposals.
• Sales increased last year despite the hostile economic environment.

Answer 21

hostile

adj. angry and deliberately unfriendly towards someone, and ready to argue with them
hostile to/towards

adj. opposing a plan or idea very strongly
hostile to/towards

adj. belonging to an enemy

adj. used to describe conditions that are difficult to live in, or that make it difficult to achieve something
hostile environment/climate/terrain etc

دشمن، خصومت آمیز، متخاصم، ضد

Question 22

ubiquitous

• Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days.
• a French film, starring the ubiquitous Gérard Depardieu

Answer 22

ubiquitous

adj. seeming to be everywhere – sometimes used humorously

حاضر، همه جا حاضر، موجود درهمه جا

Question 23

authenticate

• They used carbon dating tests to authenticate the claim that the skeleton was two million years old.
• The painting has been authenticated by experts.
• passwords which can authenticate electronic documents

Answer 23

authenticate

v. to prove that something is true or real

اعتبار دادن، سندیت یا رسمیت دادن، تصدیق کردن

Question 24

condescend

• I wonder if Michael will condescend to visit us?
• Take care not to condescend to your readers.
• He treats his players fairly and never condescends to them.

Answer 24

condescend

v. behave in a patronizing and condescending manner

v. to behave as if you think you are better, more intelligent, or more important than other people – used to show disapproval
condescend to

v. to do something in a way that shows you think it is below your social or professional position – used to show disapproval
condescend to do something

condescend to do sth
If you condescend to do something, you agree to do something that you do not consider to be good enough for your social position

ارباب مابانه رفتار کردن

Question 25

predilection - Ever since she was a child, she has had a predilection for spicy food. - Mrs Lane’s predilection for gossip

Answer 25

predilection n. if you have a predilection for something, especially something unusual, you like it very much SYN liking predilection for تمایل قبلی، رجحان برگزیدگی، جانبداری

Question 26

fruitless - a fruitless attempt to settle the dispute - So far, their search has been fruitless. - All diplomatic attempts at a peaceful solution to the crisis have been fruitless.

Answer 26

fruitless adj. failing to achieve what was wanted, especially after a lot of effort OPP fruitful fruitless attempt/exercise بی میوه، بی ثمر

Question 27

diminutive - He's a diminutive figure, less than five feet tall. - a shy diminutive man

Answer 27

diminutive adj. very small SYN minuscule مصغر، خرد، کوچک، حقیر

Question 28

illustrious - She has had an illustrious career. - Wagner was just one of many illustrious visitors to the town. - She comes from an illustrious political family that includes two former Cabinet ministers.

Answer 28

illustrious adj. famous and admired because of what you have achieved برجسته، نامی، درخشان، ممتاز، مجلل Coming from the Latin illustris, meaning “bright, distinguished, famous,” illustrious is a powerful adjective. It's similar to luster, which is a brilliant shine — so imagine that something illustrious is as wonderful as a sparkling diamond. Use this word to describe the career or reputation of someone really successful, like a bestselling author or business mogul.

Question 29

unconscionable - To make people feel shame or guilt for being ill is unconscionable. - This unconscionable policy will cause great suffering. - After waiting for an unconscionable amount of time, we were told to come back later.

Answer 29

unconscionable adj. morally unacceptable adj. unacceptably great in amount غیر معقول، گزاف، خلاف وجدان، بی وجدان

Question 30

trivial - I don't know why he gets so upset about something so trivial. - Sexual harassment in the workplace is not a trivial matter. - Getting computers to understand human language is not a trivial problem.

Answer 30

trivial adj. not serious, important, or valuable trivial problem/matter/complaint etc OPP momentous (مهم، خطیر، واجب، با اهمیت ) جزیی، ناقابل، کم مایه، بدیهی، ناچیز، مبتذل

Question 31

callow - a callow youth - Mark was just a callow youth of 16 when he arrived in Paris.

Answer 31

callow adj. young and without experience – used to show disapproval SYN immature جوجه ای که هنوز پردرنیاورده، شخص بی تجربه وناشی

Question 32

sketchy - So far we only have sketchy information about what caused the explosion. - a sketchy guy - They lived in a sketchy neighborhood. - Officials provided only sketchy details of the trip.

Answer 32

sketchy adj. not thorough or complete, and not having enough details to be useful SYN vague adj. containing few details adj. not completely safe or not completely honest سردستی، از روی عجله ناقص، سطحی، عاری ازجزئیات

Question 33

bemuse - Her answer bemused us all. - a bemused expression - He looked slightly bemused by all the questions.

Answer 33

bemuse adj. looking as if you are confused SYN bewildered adj. to slightly confuse someone گیج کردن، غرق افکار شاعرانه کردن، بفکر انداختن

Question 34

exotic - exotic flowers/food/designs - exotic pets like snakes and tropical birds

Answer 34

exotic adj. unusual and exciting because of coming (or seeming to come) from far away, especially a tropical country بیگانه، عجیب و غریب، مرموز خوش رنگ

Question 35

intuition - Often there's no clear evidence one way or the other and you just have to base your judgment on intuition. - I can't explain how I knew - I just had an intuition that you'd been involved in an accident. - Intuition told her it was unwise to argue.

Answer 35

intuition n. the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts SYN instinct v. an idea about what is true in a particular situation based on a feeling rather than facts intuition (that) درک مستقیم، انتقال، کشف، دریافت ناگهانی، فراست، بصیرت، بینش، شهود، اشراق

Question 36

episodic - The war between these two countries has been long-drawn-out and episodic. - an episodic drama series

Answer 36

episodic adj. happening only sometimes and not regularly adj. Episodic stories are divided into several parts, especially when they are broadcast on the television or radio اتفاقی، ضمنی، عارضی

Question 37

dovish - He is a dovish politican who was one of the signers of a model peace treaty.

Answer 37

dovish adj. preferring peace and discussion to war OPP hawkish (خشونت طلب ) adj. supporting discussion or other peaceful solutions in political relationships rather than the use of force

Question 38

realm - the spiritual realm - the economic/political realm - the realm of art/literature/music - I suppose it’s not beyond the realms of possibility.

Answer 38

realm n. a general area of knowledge, activity, or thought n. a country ruled by a king or queen within the realms of possibility (also not beyond the realm(s) of possibility): used, often humorously, to say that something is possible even though you think it is not very likely قلمرو سلطان، متصرفات مملکت، ناحیه

Question 39

presage - The large number of moderate earthquakes that have occurred recently could presage a larger quake soon. - But still the economy is not showing signs of any of the excesses that normally presage a recession.

Answer 39

presage v. to be a sign that something is going to happen, especially something bad SYN portend نشانه، نشان، علامت، فال نما شگون، گواهی دادن بر خبر دادن از، پیشگویی کردن

Question 40

distinctive - a distinctive smell/taste - She's got a very distinctive voice. - a rock band with a distinctive sound

Answer 40

distinctive adj. having a special quality, character, or appearance that is different and easy to recognize مشخص، ممتاز، منش نما

Question 41

concomitant - war with all its concomitant sufferings - Deafness is a frequent concomitant of old age. - Loss of memory is a natural concomitant of old age. - Any increase in students means a concomitant increase in money for the university.

Answer 41

concomitant adj. existing or happening together, especially as a result of something SYN attendant n. something that often or naturally happens with something else concomitant of همراه، ملازم، پیوسته

Question 42

abstemious

Answer 42

abstemious Reserve abstemious for someone who exercises restraint, especially with regard to alcohol. A rock musician may sing about enjoying wine and women, but in his private life he may be abstemious. adj. careful not to have too much food, drink etc adj. not doing things that give you pleasure, especially not eating good food or drinking alcohol مرتاض، ممسک در خورد ونوش و لذات، مخالف استعمال مشروبات الکلی، پرهیزکار، پارسامنش SYN austere

Question 43

versatile - He's a very versatile young actor who's as happy in highbrow dramas as he is in TV comedies. - A leather jacket is a timeless and versatile garment that can be worn in all seasons. - He was a versatile guitarist, and recorded with many leading rock bands. - It is an especially versatile insecticide known to control a range of insects.

Answer 43

versatile adj. able to change easily from one activity to another or able to be used for many different purposes adj. (of people) able to do many different things or to adjust to new conditions, or (of things) able to be used for many different purposes دارای استعداد و ذوق، روان سلیس، گردان، متحرک متنوع و مختلط، چندسو گرد تطبیق پذیر، همه کاره

Question 44

vacillate - Her mood vacillated between hope and despair. - The president continues to vacillate over foreign policy. - Her parents vacillated between different approaches to discipline. - After weeks of vacillating around $75 per barrel, the price of crude closed at $85 barrel.

Answer 44

vacillate v. to continue to change your opinions, decisions, ideas etc SYN waver vacillate between v. to be uncertain what to do, or to change often between two opinions v. to be unable to decide something and esp. to continue to change opinions v. if prices, rates, etc. vacillate, they keep rising and falling by small amounts دودل بودن، دل دل کردن تردید داشتن، مردد بودن نوسان کردن، جنبیدن، تلوتلوخوردن

Question 45

devious - a devious politician - You have to be devious if you're going to succeed in business. - a devious scheme - He took a rather devious route which avoids the city centre.

Answer 45

devious adj. using dishonest tricks and deceiving people in order to get what you want → deceitful adj. not going in the most direct way to get to a place SYN circuitous بی راهه، کج، غیر مستقیم منحرف، گمراه

Question 46

suffice - I'm taking $400 - I think that should suffice. - The problems were of global importance, and only an international effort would suffice to deal with them.

Answer 46

suffice v. to be enough بس بودن، کفایت کردن، کافی بودن، بسنده بودن

Question 47

astute - an astute investor/businesswoman - his astute handling of the situation - an astute observer of human behaviour - He was politically astute, and was soon appointed to a number of powerful committees in Congress.

Answer 47

astute adj. able to understand situations or behaviour very well and very quickly, especially so that you can get an advantage for yourself SYN clever adj. able to understand a situation quickly and see how to take advantage of it SYN shrewd زیرک، ناقلا، دانا، هوشیار محیل، دقیق، موشکاف

Question 48

outrage - These murders have provoked outrage across the country. - Many politicians and members of the public expressed outrage at the verdict. - Local people were outraged at the bombing. - A proposed five percent cut in pay has outraged staff at the warehouse.

Answer 48

outrage n. a feeling of great anger and shock n. an event that produces great anger and shock, especially because it is cruel or violent v. to make someone feel very angry and shocked تخطی، غضب، هتک حرمت، ازجا در رفتن، سخت عصبانی شدن، بی حرمت ساختن، بی عدالتی کردن

Question 49

consensus - The general consensus in the office is that he can't do his job. - Could we reach a consensus on this matter? Let's take a vote.

Answer 49

consensus n. an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts SYN agreement consensus on/about توافق عام، رضایت وموافقت عمومی، وفاق، اجماع

Question 50

metaphor - "A heart of stone" is a metaphor. - "The mind is an ocean" and "the city is a jungle" are both metaphors. - Metaphor and simile are the most commonly used figures of speech in everyday language.

Answer 50

metaphor n. an expression that describes a person or object by referring to something that is considered to possess similar characteristics استعاره، صنعت استعاره کنایه، تشبیه

Question 51

outstrip - The demand for food in the war zone now far outstrips supply. (تقاضا برای غذا در منطقه جنگی اکنون بسیار بیشتر از عرضه است. ) - Car dealers worry that demand will outstrip their supply. - We outstripped all our competitors in sales last year.

Answer 51

outstrip v. to be or become greater in amount, degree, or success than something or someone پیش افتادن از، عقب گذاشتن، پیشی جستن از

Question 52

querulous - He became increasingly dissatisfied and querulous in his old age. - ‘But why can’t I go?’ he said in a querulous voice.

Answer 52

querulous adj. someone who is querulous complains about things in an annoying way کج خلق، زود رنج، گله مند، ستیز جو، شکوه گر

Question 53

salient - She began to summarize the salient features/points of the proposal. - The article presented the salient facts of the dispute clearly and concisely.

Answer 53

salient adj. the salient points or features of something are the most important or most noticeable parts of it برجسته، نمایان

Question 54

culmination - Winning first prize was the culmination of years of practice and hard work. - The book was a fitting culmination to his career.

Answer 54

culmination n. the end or final result of something اوج، قله، حد اعلی n. the point at which an event or series of events ends, having developed until it reaches this point the culmination of something: something, especially something important, that happens at the end of a long period of effort or development The culmination is the end point or final stage of something you've been working toward or something that's been building up. The culmination of your high school career, for example, should be graduation day — and probably not prom night.

Question 55

camaraderie - When you've been climbing alone for hours, there's a tremendous sense of camaraderie when you meet another climber. - the camaraderie of the women’s basketball team

Answer 55

camaraderie n. a feeling of friendship that a group of people have, especially when they work together SYN solidarity همراهی، همدمی، وفاداری، رفاقت

Question 56

cordial - a cordial smile/greeting/welcome/reception - Relations between the two leaders are said to be cordial. - The two statesmen are known to have a cordial dislike for each other.

Answer 56

cordial adj. friendly, but formal and polite adj. (of a feeling, especially dislike) strong قلبی، صمیمی، مقوی SYN easygoing, affable, conviviality

Question 57

tribute - The players wore black armbands as a tribute to their late teammate. - It was a tribute to her teaching methods that so many children passed the test. - Tributes have been pouring in from all over the world for the famous actor who died yesterday. - floral tributes (= flowers sent to someone's funeral) - The minister paid tribute to the men who had fought the blaze.

Answer 57

tribute n. something that you say, do, or give in order to express your respect or admiration for someone be a tribute to somebody/something: to be a clear sign of the good qualities that someone or something has n. a payment of goods or money by one ruler or country to another more powerful one, especially in order to be protected باج، خراج، احترام، ستایش تکریم

Question 58

observant - "That's a new dress, isn't it?" "Yes, you are observant!" - As an observant Muslim, she wore a headscarf.

Answer 58

observant adj. good or quick at noticing things adj. obeying laws, religious rules etc مراعات کننده، مراقب، هوشیار

Question 59

collegiality - Reporters in war zones share a sense of cooperation and collegiality. - He described his leadership style as one of inclusiveness, collegiality and teamwork.

Answer 59

collegiality n. a friendly relationship between people who work together or do the same job

Question 60

pensive - She became withdrawn and pensive, hardly speaking to anyone. - James was more pensive than usual.

Answer 60

pensive adj. thinking a lot about something, especially because you are worried or sad → thoughtful اندیشناک، متفکر، افسرده، پکر گرفتار غم، محزون

Question 61

penance - As a penance, she said she would buy them all a box of chocolates. - They are doing penance for their sins.

Answer 61

penance n. an act that shows that you feel sorry about something that you have done, sometimes for religious reasons توبه وطلب بخشایش پشیمانی، ریاضت، وادار به توبه کردن

Question 62

rile - He was the calmest guy I ever knew – nothing ever riled him. - That class gets me so riled up. - Many farmers have been riled by Department of Agriculture fines. - [ M ] Your loud parties rile up the neighbors.

Answer 62

rile v. to make someone extremely angry آزردن، متغییر کردن، مغشوش کردن، هم زدن

Question 63

lambaste - His first novel was well and truly lambasted by the critics. - Democrats lambasted the president’s budget plan for being ‘inadequate’.

Answer 63

lambaste v. to criticize someone or something very strongly, usually in public SYN slate

Question 64

undercut - Online bookstores can undercut retailers by up to 30%. - Is a lack of self-confidence undercutting your performance at work? - Big supermarkets can undercut all rivals, especially small family-owned shops. - They claim to undercut their competitors by at least five percent.

Answer 64

undercut v. to sell goods or a service at a lower price than another company SYN undersell v. to make something weaker or less effective SYN undermine ببهای کمتری (از دیگران) فروختن، ببرش زیرین، اززیر بریدن

Question 65

harrow - roughly ploughed and harrowed land - The ploughman harrows and sows, and then waits for the harvest.

Answer 65

harrow n. a large piece of equipment that is pulled behind a tractor (= a farm vehicle) to break the earth into small pieces ready for planting

Question 66

paradigm - Some of these educators are hoping to produce a change in the current cultural paradigm. - His ruthless accumulation of wealth stands as a paradigm of greed in the business world.

Answer 66

paradigm n. a model or example that shows how something works or is produced paradigm of n. a very clear or typical example of something آیه کتاب مقدس که مثالی را متضمن است، نمونه

Question 67

dissent - the ruthless suppression of political dissent - These voices of dissent grew louder. - When the time came to approve the proposal, there were one or two voices of dissent. - Rooney was booked for dissent after the referee failed to award United a penalty.

Answer 67

dissent n. refusal to agree with an official decision or accepted opinion SYN opposition v.to say that you disagree with an official decision or accepted opinion dissent from اختلاف عقیده داشتن، جدا شدن نفاق داشتن

Question 68

initiate - They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper. - Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism. - Those kids were initiated into heroin use at a young age. - At the age of thirteen, the boys in the tribe are initiated into manhood. - At the age of eleven, Harry was initiated into the art of golf by his father. - Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood.

Answer 68

initiate v. to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan v. to tell someone about something or show them how to do something initiate somebody into something v. to introduce someone into an organization, club, group etc, usually with a special ceremony initiate somebody into something ابتکار کردن، وارد کردن، تازه وارد کردن، آغاز کردن، بنیاد نهادن، نخستین قدم را برداشتن

Question 69

mutual - Theirs was a partnership based on mutual respect, trust and understanding. - Both countries are acting to their mutual advantage. - The agreement was terminated by mutual consent.

Answer 69

mutual adj. mutual feelings such as respect, trust, or hatred are feelings that two or more people have for each other → reciprocal mutual respect/trust/understanding etc adj. mutual support, help etc is support that two or more people give each other دوسره، از دو سره، بین الاثنین، دو طرفه، متقابل، دو جانبه

Question 70

robust - These results demonstrate the robustness of our business model. - The house blend of coffee is particularly robust. - He looks robust and healthy enough.

Answer 70

robust adj. (of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail SYN sturdy robustness (n) قوی هیکل، تنومند، ستبر، هیکل دار

Question 71

betoken - All this betokens a lack of sense of urgency in dealing with these problems.

Answer 71

betoken v. to be a sign of something v. to mean something or be a sign of something حاکی بودن از، دلالت کردن بر دال بر امری

Question 72

conceal - Do not conceal health problems from a prospective insurer. - He made no attempt to conceal his satisfaction. - The listening device was concealed in a pen.

Answer 72

conceal v. to not tell somebody about something that they have the right to know about پنهان کردن، نهان کردن، نهفتن

Question 73

outnumber - In our office the women outnumber the men three to one. - Girls outnumbered boys by a margin of 2 to 1.

Answer 73

outnumber v. to be greater in number than someone or something outnumber somebody/something by something vastly/greatly/heavily outnumber از حیث شماره بیشتر بودن، افزون بودن بر، با تعداد زیادتر تفوق یافتن بر

Question 74

itinerant - an itinerant journalist/labourer/preacher - He lived as an itinerant, earning or begging his bread as he went.

Answer 74

itinerant adj. travelling from place to place, especially to work SYN peripatetic سیار، دوره گرد

Question 75

demonize The Nazis used racist propaganda in an attempt to demonize the Jews. - The mayor demonizes anyone who disagrees with him.

Answer 75

demonize v. to try to make someone or a group of people seem completely evil دیو (اسا) کردن، دیو سان کردن، دیوانه کردن

Question 76

sober - He’s a nice guy when he’s sober. - a sober hard-working young man - a sober reminder of the difficulties we face - I'd had no wine all evening so I was stone cold (= completely) sober. - Anthony was in a very sober mood - I scarcely heard him laugh all night.

Answer 76

sober adj. not drunk adj. serious, and thinking or making you think carefully about things adj. plain and not at all brightly coloured هوشیار، بهوش، عاقل، میانه رو، معتدل، متین، سنگین موقر، آدم هشیار(دربرابرمست) هوشیار بودن، بهوش آوردن، از مستی درآوردن

Question 77

incendiary - The explosion seems to have been caused by an incendiary device. - a hip-hop album with incendiary lyrics - Thai food often is incendiary (= spicy hot). He gave an incendiary speech at last night’s rally.

Answer 77

incendiary adj. designed to cause a fire incendiary bomb/device adj. an incendiary speech, piece of writing etc is intended to make people angry (=agitator) آتش زا، آتش افروز n. a bomb designed to cause a fire

Question 78

salutary - Losing money in this way taught young Jones a salutary lesson. - a salutary reminder of the dangers of mountain climbing

Answer 78

salutary adj. a salutary experience is unpleasant but teaches you something salutary experience/lesson/reminder etc سالم ومغذی، سلامت بخش سودمند، درودی

Question 79

replete - Literature is replete with tales of power. - After two helpings of dessert, Sergio was at last replete. - This car has an engine replete with the latest technology.

Answer 79

replete adj. full of something replete with adj. very full of food or drink کاملا پر، لبریز، چاق، تکمیل انباشته

Question 80

snobbish - Her family seems snobbish. - My brother is very snobbish about cars.

Answer 80

snobbish adj. behaving in a way that shows you think you are better than other people because you are from a higher social class or know more than they do پر افاده، مغرور

Question 81

seditious - She was arrested after making a speech that the government considered to be seditious.

Answer 81

seditious adj. intending to persuade other people to oppose their government - فتنه جویانه، فتنه گر sedition (n): speech, writing, or actions intended to encourage people to disobey a government آشوب، فتنه، فاسد، شورش، اغتشاش، فتنه جویی

Question 82

expatriate - British expatriates living in Spain - A large community of expatriates has settled there. - We lived in a residential compound designed for expatriated Dutch workers and their families.

Answer 82

expatriate n. someone who lives in a foreign country از کشور خود راندن، تبعیدکردن، ترک کردن میهن تبعیدی ، مهاجر

Question 83

synopsis - a synopsis of the play

Answer 83

synopsis n. a short description of the main events or ideas in a book, film etc SYN summary خلاصه، مجمل، اجمال مختصر

Question 84

affirmative - an affirmative nod

Answer 84

affirmative adj. an affirmative answer or action means ‘yes’ or shows agreement OPP negative answer/reply in the affirmative: to say ‘yes’ answer/reply in the affirmativeformal to say ‘yes’

Question 85

emendation - Corrections and emendations might make a work better and more useful. - The articles posted on the website are open to emendation by registered users.

Answer 85

emendation n. the act of correcting or improving a text, or a change made to correct or improve a text اصلاح emend (v): to remove the mistakes from something that has been written

Question 86

collective - a collective decision/effort - collective responsibility/leadership - a collective decision made by all board members - our collective responsibility for the environment - The industry is willing to work collectively to find a solution.

Answer 86

collective adj. shared or made by every member of a group or society به هم پیوسته، انبوه، اشتراکی، اجتماعی، جمعی

Question 87

synonymous - The words "annoyed" and "irritated" are more or less synonymous. - Nixon’s name has become synonymous with political scandal.

Answer 87

synonymous adj. something that is synonymous with something else is considered to be very closely connected with it synonymous with adj. two words that are synonymous have the same meaning هم معنی، مترادف، دارای ترادف، دارای تشابه

Question 88

modicum - There's not even a modicum of truth in her statement. - Anyone with a modicum of common sense could have seen that the plan wouldn't work.

Answer 88

modicum n. a small amount of something good such as truth or honesty مقدار کم، مقدار یا قسمت کوچک، اندک a modicum of something: a small amount of something, especially a good quality

Question 89

retrenchment - In retrenchment, central government may seek to limit the total expenditure of all local governments for economic stabilization. - Experts see a major retrenchment coming from consumers.

Answer 89

retrenchment n. the reduction of expenditures in order to become financially stable retrench (v): if a government or organization retrenches, it spends less money SYN economize قطع کردن، حذف کردن، کم کردن، دارای سنگر موقتی زیرزمینی کردن، از نو خندق ساختن، مستحکم کردن

Question 90

magnify - Although our skin looks smooth, when magnified it is full of bumps and holes. - The hot summer magnified the racial tensions in the community.

Answer 90

magnify v. to make something look larger than it is, especially by looking at it through a lens v. to make a problem bigger or more important:

Question 91

obligatory - It is obligatory for companies to provide details of their industrial processes. - She offered him the obligatory cup of tea. - The medical examination before you start work is obligatory. - The statute made it obligatory for all healthy males between 14 and 60 to work. - Several Secret Service agents surrounded the President, all wearing the obligatory raincoat and hat.

Answer 91

obligatory adj. something that is obligatory must be done because of a law, rule etc SYN compulsory, mandatory it is obligatory for somebody (to do something) adj. used humorously to describe something that is always done or included in a particular situation / expected because it usually happens الزامی، فرضی، واجب

Question 92

commensurate - a salary that is commensurate with skills and experience

Answer 92

commensurate adj. matching something in size, quality, or length of time SYN proportionate commensurate with متناسب

Question 93

long-winded - His speeches tend to be rather long-winded. - The whole process is incredibly long-winded.

Answer 93

long-winded adj. A long-winded speech, letter, article, etc. is too long, or uses too many words. SYN verbose, prolix دراز نفس، پرچانه، پرگو adj. if a way of doing something is long-winded, it is very complicated

Question 94

slippery - a slippery floor - The road was wet and slippery. - Martin is a slippery customer (=someone you should not trust) so be careful what you say to him. - the slippery notion of ‘standards’

Answer 94

slippery adj. If something is slippery, it is wet or smooth so that it slides easily or causes something to slide adj. Someone who is slippery cannot be trusted adj. not having one clear meaning and able to be understood in different ways لیز، لغزنده، بی ثبات، دشوار لغزان

Question 95

hefty - a hefty tome (=large thick book) - hefty camera equipment - a hefty fine - He aimed a hefty kick at the door.

Answer 95

hefty adj. big and heavy adj. a hefty amount of something, especially money, is very large adj. a hefty blow, kick etc is done using a lot of force قوی، سنگین

Question 96

forbidding - We sailed past the island’s rather dark and forbidding cliffs. - His face was forbidding, even hostile.

Answer 96

forbidding adj. having a frightening or unfriendly appearance forbidding place/land/landscape etc زننده، نفرت انگیز، دافع ناخوانده، نامطبوع، ترسناک شوم، مهیب، عبوس، بدقیافه نهی کننده

Question 97

wide-ranging - a wide-ranging discussion

Answer 97

wide-ranging adj. including a wide variety of subjects, things, or people adj. wide-ranging proposals to improve the rail network متنوع - گوناگون

Question 98

diligent - a diligent student - Leo is very diligent in/about his work. - Their lawyer was extremely diligent in preparing their case.

Answer 98

diligent adj. someone who is diligent works hard and is careful and thorough سخت کوش، کوشا، کوشنده، ساعی، پشت کار دار

Question 99

punctilious - Joe was always punctilious about repaying loans. - He was always punctilious in his manners.

Answer 99

punctilious adj. very careful to behave correctly and follow rules punctilious about دقیق، نکته سنج، بسیار مبادی آداب

Question 100

engaging - an engaging smile - an engaging smile/manner/person - He has an engaging manner.

Answer 100

engaging adj. pleasant and attracting your interest سرگرم کننده، جالب توجه