1-1 (done perm)

Question 1

(Triangle G not) does not predict what

why

Answer 1

behavior of rxn under physio condition

[ ] are rarely close to 1 M in cell

Question 2

what is the thing that is calculated for physio condition then?

Answer 2

net (triangle G) for pathway

Question 3

As long as sum of (triangle G) in a pathway is “”, the rxn can proceed

Answer 3

negative

Question 4

Most ATP is produced how

Answer 4

via aerobic metabolism in mitochondria

Question 5

mito

• starting pt FOR
• ending “”

Answer 5

st=biosynthesis

end=degradative

Question 6

in net rxn in aerobic bio system is “” of substrates

Answer 6

oxidation

Question 7

reduced def
oxidized “”

another def

Answer 7

red=MORE e
ox=FEWER e

red=gains bond to H OR loses bond to oxygen
ox=gains bond to oxygen OR loses bond to H

Question 8

respiratory quotient def

RQ of 1 suggests that substrate utilization is mostly (fat/carb)

less than 1?

Answer 8

C02 produced divided by (02 consumed)

1-carb

less than 1-fat/protein

Question 9

what’s the dif bt ATP, ADP, and AMP

Answer 9

ATP=3 P’s
ADP=2 P’s
AMP=1 P

Question 10

most cells contain mitochondria - exception is

Answer 10

RBC

Question 11

which membrane has HIGH protein content

Answer 11

inner membrane

Question 12

energy carrying molecules are (reduced/oxidized)

Answer 12

reduced

Question 13

presence of ADP (up/down) regulates oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 13

UP

Question 14

what is complex 1 called (in ETC)

Answer 14

NADH dehydrogenase

Question 15

the ensuing complexes (in the ETC) are called

Answer 15

cytochromes

Question 16

ATP synthesis via ETC is called

Answer 16

chemiosmotic mec

Question 17

for each molecule of NADH, # ATP are synthesis

Answer 17

3

Question 18

how efficient is ETC (%)

Answer 18

about 40%

Question 19

what’s the role of UCP

result

Answer 19

create protein leak (protons flow DOWN gradient without ATP being produced) SO there is greater heat production

Question 20

UCP1 is called ?

function

Answer 20

thermogenin

heat production in brown fat of mammals

Question 21

read: adults don’t have a lot of UCP1

Answer 21

-

Question 22

Anaerobic vs aerobic ATP dif

Answer 22

An-2 ATP

Ae-38 ATP

Question 23

energy is stored in muscles HOW (give eq)

rxn catalyst

how does this change under ANaerobic conditions

Answer 23

ATP + creatine -> ADP + phosphocreatine

CPK

PC donates phosphate to ADP (aka PC becomes source of ATP during ANaerobic conditions)

Question 24

damaged muscle releases “” into serum (this is how we know person has myocardial infarction)

Answer 24

CPK-MB

Question 25

ATP constituents

Answer 25

Adenosine plus 3 phosphate groups

Question 26

During vigorous exercise associated with anaerobic glycolysis, the amount of ATP produced from each molecule of glucose (relative to the resting, aerobic state) falls by approximately:

Answer 26

95%

Question 27

energy in muscle is stored as WHAT

Answer 27

phosphocreatine

Question 28

order NOSCH in increasing electronegativity

Answer 28

H, C, S, N, O

Question 29

name the cofactors that act as electron carriers in ETC

Answer 29

FAD (becomes FADH2) NAD (b NADH) NADP (b NADPH)

Question 30

Germ layer for GI

Answer 30

epithelium - majority = endo - extreme ends = ecto bulk of wall = splanchnic meso

Question 31

Where are microfold cells (M cells) located

Answer 31

bottom of Peyer's Patches

Question 32

function of M cell

Answer 32

endocytose antigen transport them to bottom passes them off to APCs

Question 33

(SI/colon) has enterocytes function

Answer 33

colon absorbs via their microvilli

Question 34

which does NOT have serosa but only adventita

Answer 34

esophagus | some parts of bowel

Question 35

GE junction (gastroesophageal) junction is characterized by what (in terms of epithelium)

Answer 35

change from stratified sq to simple columnar

Question 36

what part of SI secretes the most DIVERSITY of enteroendocrine cell hormones

Answer 36

duodenum