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Question 1

What is Encoding?

Answer 1

The process of converting sensory input (such as sights, sounds, and experiences) into a form that can be stored in memory for later retrieval.

Question 2

What is the Spacing Effect?

Answer 2

A cognitive phenomenon where information is better retained in long-term memory when learning is spread out over time, rather than crammed in a short period (massed practice).

Question 3

What are Retrieval Cues?

Answer 3

Stimuli or prompts that help trigger the recall of information stored in long-term memory, making it easier to access specific memories or details.

Question 4

What does the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve illustrate?

Answer 4

It illustrates how information is rapidly forgotten over time, with the most significant loss occurring shortly after learning, and the rate of forgetting slowing down as time progresses, unless the information is actively reviewed or reinforced.

Question 5

What role does the Hippocampus play in memory?

Answer 5

The hippocampus is a brain structure crucial for forming new explicit memories, such as facts and events, by processing and consolidating information from short-term to long-term memory storage.

Question 6

What is Repression in terms of memory retrieval?

Answer 6

It refers to the unconscious defense mechanism where distressing or traumatic memories are blocked from conscious awareness, making them difficult or impossible to retrieve.

Question 7

What are Context Effects?

Answer 7

The influence of surrounding environmental or situational factors on the way we perceive, interpret, or recall information, often making memories or information easier to retrieve when the context at the time of encoding and retrieval are similar.

Question 8

What is Sensory Memory?

Answer 8

The brief, initial stage of memory that holds sensory information (sights, sounds, etc.) for a very short period, typically less than a second, allowing us to process and filter important information.

Question 9

What is Short-Term Memory?

Answer 9

It holds a limited amount of information for a short duration (about 15-30 seconds).

Question 10

What is Working Memory?

Answer 10

A system that includes several components: Central Executive (controls attention), Phonological Loop (verbal and auditory information), Visuospatial Sketchpad (visual and spatial information), and Episodic Buffer (integrates information across domains).

Question 11

What is Long-Term Memory?

Answer 11

A relatively permanent storage system for information, with a vast capacity to hold memories ranging from facts and experiences to skills and knowledge, and can last from hours to a lifetime.

Question 12

What is Iconic Memory?

Answer 12

A type of sensory memory that briefly holds visual information for a fraction of a second, allowing us to retain a snapshot of what we’ve just seen.

Question 13

What is Echoic Memory?

Answer 13

A type of sensory memory that briefly retains auditory information for a few seconds, enabling us to recall sounds or words we just heard.

Question 14

What is Rehearsal?

Answer 14

The process of actively repeating or practicing information to help encode it into long-term memory and improve retention, with two main types: Maintenance rehearsal (repeating information) and Elaborative rehearsal (linking new information to existing knowledge).

Question 15

What is Recognition in memory retrieval?

Answer 15

A type of memory retrieval where a person identifies previously encountered information or stimuli from a set of options or cues.

Question 16

What is Relearning?

Answer 16

The process of reacquiring previously learned information or skills, which typically takes less time and effort than the initial learning, demonstrating that some memory remains even after forgetting.

Question 17

What is Automatic Processing?

Answer 17

The unconscious and effortless encoding of information, such as details of space, time, and frequency, or well-practiced skills, without the need for intentional effort or attention.

Question 18

What is Memory Construction?

Answer 18

The process by which memories are actively created and reconstructed over time, influenced by new information, experiences, and external factors, which can sometimes lead to distortions or inaccuracies in recall.

Question 19

What is Semantic Encoding?

Answer 19

The process of encoding information based on its meaning, rather than its sensory features, which enhances the likelihood of retaining and recalling the information.

Question 20

What is Explicit Memory?

Answer 20

Refers to conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, events, and experiences, such as recalling a birthday or a historical event.

Question 21

What are the two types of Explicit Memory?

Answer 21

Episodic memory (personal experiences) and Semantic memory (general knowledge).

Question 22

What is Implicit Memory?

Answer 22

Involves unconscious memory processes, such as skills, habits, and conditioned responses, which are demonstrated through performance rather than conscious recall.

Question 23

What is Context-Dependent Memory?

Answer 23

The phenomenon where recall of information is improved when the person is in the same environment or context in which the information was originally learned or encoded.

Question 24

What is Mood-Congruent Memory?

Answer 24

The tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one’s current mood, meaning when you’re feeling happy, you’re more likely to remember positive events, and when you’re feeling sad, you tend to recall negative experiences.

Question 25

What is State-Dependent Memory?

Answer 25

The phenomenon where information is more easily retrieved when a person's internal state at the time of encoding is similar to their state at the time of retrieval.

Question 26

What is The Misinformation Effect?

Answer 26

When a person's memory of an event is altered by misleading information introduced after the event, leading to distorted or false recollections of what actually happened.

Question 27

What is Source Amnesia?

Answer 27

The inability to remember the origin or source of a memory, such as forgetting where or how you learned a piece of information, even though you can recall the information itself.

Question 28

What is the Method of Loci?

Answer 28

A memory technique that involves associating information with specific locations or 'loci' along a familiar path, making it easier to recall by mentally walking through those locations.

Question 29

What is Hierarchical Organization?

Answer 29

Organizing information into main categories and smaller subcategories helps make it easier to remember and find later by linking related ideas together.

Question 30

What is Retroactive Interference?

Answer 30

New information interferes with the recall of previously learned information, making it harder to remember older material.

Question 31

What is Proactive Interference?

Answer 31

When previously learned information interferes with the ability to recall new information, making it more difficult to remember recently acquired material.

Question 32

What is Effortful Processing?

Answer 32

The active, conscious effort required to encode information, such as through rehearsal or elaboration, which enhances memory retention and involves more mental effort compared to automatic processing.

Question 33

What are Phonemes?

Answer 33

The smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish words from one another. ## Footnote For example, the sounds 'b,' 'a,' and 't' in the word 'bat' are phonemes.

Question 34

What are Morphemes?

Answer 34

The smallest units of meaning in a language. They can be whole words (like 'book'), prefixes (like 'un-'), or suffixes (like '-ed'), and they combine to form more complex words or meanings.

Question 35

What is Syntax?

Answer 35

The rules and structure governing the arrangement of words and phrases in a language to create meaningful sentences.

Question 36

What is Grammar?

Answer 36

The set of rules that govern the structure of a language, including syntax, morphology, punctuation, and semantics, which guide how words and phrases are combined to convey clear meaning.

Question 37

What is Semantics?

Answer 37

The study of meaning in language, focusing on how words, phrases, and sentences are used to convey specific ideas, concepts, or information.

Question 38

What is Cooing?

Answer 38

The early stage of language development in infants, typically occurring between 6 to 8 weeks, where babies produce soft, repetitive vowel sounds like 'oo' and 'ah.'

Question 39

What is Babbling?

Answer 39

A stage of language development in infants, usually occurring around 4 to 6 months, where they produce repetitive consonant-vowel combinations like 'ba-ba' or 'da-da.'

Question 40

What is the One-Word Stage?

Answer 40

Typically occurring between 12 and 18 months, is a phase in language development where infants begin to use single words (often called 'holophrases') to represent entire ideas or concepts.

Question 41

What is Telegraphic Speech?

Answer 41

A stage in early language development, typically around 18 to 24 months, where toddlers begin to form simple two- to three-word sentences that convey essential meaning.

Question 42

What is Overgeneralization?

Answer 42

Children apply grammatical rules they have learned to irregular words or exceptions, such as saying 'goed' instead of 'went' or 'mouses' instead of 'mice.'

Question 43

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 43

is the area of psychology that looks at how human behavior, trait characteristics and physical development have evolved over time. It is founded upon the work of Charles darwin, and focuses on which characteristics helped our ancestors survive and reproduce successfully. It explores why we possess (inherit) certain behavioral traits, such as fear, anger and jealousy, and how these traits are passed on via heredity. The focus of evolutionary psychology is determining what leafs to reproductive success.

Question 44

Natural Selection

Answer 44

is a process in evolution where organisms with behavioral and cognitive traits that help them survive and reproduce are more likely to see them passed on genetically to their offspring.

Question 45

Adaptation

Answer 45

refers to how living things change over time to better fit their environment. For example, animals that blend into their surroundings, like chameleons, might have better survival rates than those that don’t.

Question 46

Behavior Genetics

Answer 46

is the study of the influences and limitations of genetic and environmental influences on behavior). Behavior Geneticists are those who specialize in this area.

Question 47

Environment

Answer 47

refers to all the non-biological, external factors that influence one’s life, such as family, friends, education, geographical location, cultural norms, and individualized experiences.

Question 48

Heredity

Answer 48

is the process through which genes are passed from one generation (parents) to the next (children). This explains why you might inherit traits like your mother’s curly hair or your father’s tall height. It’s the way physical and some behavioral traits are passed down through generations.