5 Flashcards

Question

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Answer 1

ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent challenges in social communication and interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The term "spectrum" reflects the wide range of symptoms and severity levels that individuals with ASD can experience. Key Characteristics of ASD: Social Communication Difficulties: Challenges in understanding and using verbal and nonverbal communication, such as eye contact, facial expressions, and gestures. Repetitive Behaviors: Engaging in repetitive movements or speech, insisting on sameness, and having highly focused interests. Sensory Sensitivities: Unusual reactions to sensory inputs, such as sounds, lights, or textures

Answer 2

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning and development. Key Characteristics of ADHD: Inattention: Difficulty sustaining attention, following through on tasks, and organizing activities. Hyperactivity: Excessive fidgeting, tapping, or talking. Impulsivity: Acting without thinking, interrupting others, and difficulty waiting for turns.

Answer 3

is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behavior. Common symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and social withdrawal. It is classified as a psychotic disorder, and is associated with elevated levels of dopamine, and a high degree of heritability (70-80%). The identical twin of a sibling diagnosed with Schizophrenia has a 40-50% chance of diagnosis.

Answer 4

are mental disorders characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired insight. It encompasses disorders like schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and others.

Answer 5

are positive symptoms and may manifest in ways such as delusions of persecution or grandeur.

Answer 6

are positive symptoms and may involve one or more of the senses. Seeing or hearing things that are not sensorily present.

Answer 7

is a positive symptom and may manifest in ways such as speaking in a word salad (stringing together words in nonsensical ways) or jumping from topic to topic, rapidly and without transitions (non-sequiturs).

Answer 8

may manifest as catatonia. Catatonia, or disordered movement, may be experienced as excitement (a positive symptom with very physically expressive motion) or stupor (a negative symptom manifestation, such as lacking any motion or eye-contact; trance-like in nature).

Answer 9

present as the lack of a typical behavior, such as the lack of emotional expression (flat affect) or lack of movement (catatonic stupor).

Answer 10

Possible causes of schizophrenia suggest a genetic or biological link, such as prenatal virus exposure or imbalances with certain neurotransmitters (dopamine hypothesis). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is a model that attributes the positive symptoms of schizophrenia to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction.

Answer 11

are characterized by the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function.

Answer 12

is an episodic mood disorder in which a person experiences–in the absence of drugs or another medical condition–two or more weeks with five or more symptoms present, with at least one of the symptoms being either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia). Other symptoms include significant challenges regulating sleep, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, loss of energy, poor concentration, physical agitation, changes in appetite and suicidal thoughts (general) or ideations (detailed). The symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, educational, or other important areas of functioning.

Answer 13

is a chronic form of depression characterized by a low mood that lasts for at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents. People with PDD may experience symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness, low self-esteem, lack of interest in activities, changes in sleep or appetite, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. While the symptoms may not be as severe as major depressive disorder, they can still significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life. Possible causes of depressive disorders focus on biological, genetic, social, cultural, behavioral, or cognitive sources.

Answer 14

Duration: MDD involves episodic periods of depression lasting at least two weeks, while PDD entails chronic depression lasting for at least two years in adults and one year in children and adolescents. Severity: MDD can be severe and debilitating during episodes, while PDD tends to be less severe but more persistent, often resulting in functional impairment over time. Symptom Presentation: Both disorders share symptoms such as low mood, loss of interest or pleasure, sleep disturbances, and fatigue, individuals with MDD may experience more intense symptoms during episodes, including suicidal thoughts or behaviors, while those with PDD may have a milder but more persistent presentation of symptoms.

Answer 15

is a mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). These mood swings can affect energy levels, activity levels, sleep, behavior, judgment, and the ability to think clearly. Bipolar Disorder is typically divided into several subtypes, including Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder.

Answer 16

is characterized by manic episodes that last at least 7 days or are so severe that immediate hospital care is needed. Manic episodes involve extremely elevated mood, high energy, and often risky behavior. People with bipolar I may also experience depressive episodes.

Answer 17

involves at least one hypomanic episode (a less severe form of mania) and one major depressive episode. Hypomanic episodes are less intense and do not typically require hospitalization. Major depressive episodes are a key feature and are required for diagnosis. These depressive episodes can be very debilitating and may or may not require hospitalization.

Answer 18

are a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive worry, fear, or nervousness that is out of proportion to the situation and interferes with daily functioning. Anxiety disorders are the most common of mental disorders. They affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives. Some anxiety disorders include agoraphobia, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder.

Answer 19

involves fear or anxiety toward a specific object or situation,such as acrophobia (heights) or arachnophobia (spiders).

Answer 20

is a mental health condition characterized by persistent and excessive worry or anxiety about a variety of activities or events. Individuals with GAD often are in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal and find it difficult to control their worry. They may experience physical symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, and difficulty concentrating. These symptoms must persist for at least six months for a diagnosis of GAD.

Answer 21

is a mental health condition characterized by intense fear or anxiety about social situations. People with social anxiety disorder often fear embarrassment or humiliation and may avoid social situations as a result of these fears. Social anxiety disorder involves the intense fear of being judged or watched by others.

Answer 22

is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks, which are sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort that can peak within minutes. These panic attacks may be accompanied by physical symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, or feelings of choking.

Answer 23

is intense fear of specific social situations, including using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces (e.g., shops, theaters, etc.), standing in line or being in a crowd, or being outside of the home alone.

Answer 24

With Agoraphobia the fear is more about the environment and the potential inability to escape, whereas with Social Anxiety Disorder the fear is centered around social interactions and the potential for negative evaluation

Answer 25

is characterized by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions that cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning. Obsessions are persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges, while compulsions are repetitive behaviors that individuals feel driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid internalized rules. A diagnosis of OCD requires the presence of obsessional thoughts and/or compulsions that are time-consuming (more than one hour a day), cause significant distress, and impair work or social functioning. (Psychiatry.org)

Answer 26

is characterized by a persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. This behavior leads to the accumulation of a large number of items, which can clutter living spaces and interfere with their intended use and access. Hoarding disorder can run in families and may be influenced by stressful life events, and it often co-occurs with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 27

are characterized by dissociations (disconnections) from consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body, motor control, and behavior. Examples of dissociative disorders include dissociative amnesia (with and without fugue) and dissociative identity disorder.

Answer 28

involves the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities within an individual. These identities may have their own names, characteristics, and memories. Individuals with DID often experience gaps in memory for personal information, events, or experienced trauma.

Answer 29

involves partial or complete memory loss for specific periods of time or events, typically associated with traumatic or stressful experiences. The memory loss is not due to ordinary forgetfulness and cannot be attributed to a medical condition.

Answer 30

is a subtype of dissociative amnesia characterized by sudden, unexpected travel away from home or customary location, accompanied by an inability to recall one's past and personal identity. During a dissociative fugue episode, individuals may adopt a new identity and may engage in purposeful travel or confused wandering. These episodes typically occur in response to severe stress or trauma and can last from hours to days, sometimes longer. Once the fugue state ends, individuals may have no memory of the events that occurred during the episode or of their temporary identity.

Answer 31

are characterized by exposure to a traumatic or stressful event with subsequent psychological distress. Symptoms of trauma and stressor-related disorders may involve hypervigilance, severe anxiety,flashbacks to traumatic or stressful experiences, insomnia, emotional detachment, and hostility.

Answer 32

as a psychiatric disorder that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, serious accident, terrorist act, war/combat, or personal assault, which leads to intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror.

Answer 33

on the other hand, refers to the body's response to challenging or threatening situations. It involves a complex interplay of physiological, psychological, and behavioral reactions aimed at adapting to or coping with perceived demands or threats. Stress can arise from various sources, including work, relationships, financial concerns, and major life changes.

Answer 34

in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition), PTSD is classified as an anxiety disorder and is characterized by symptoms such as intrusive memories, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, negative changes in thoughts and mood, and hyperarousal (e.g., being easily startled or feeling tense). These symptoms must persist for more than one month and cause significant distress or impairment in functioning.

Answer 35

are defined as enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate markedly (notably) from the expectations of the individual's culture, are pervasive and inflexible, have an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and lead to distress or impairment.

Answer 36

Cluster A: is the odd or eccentric cluster and includes paranoid,schizoid,and schizotypal personality disorders. Cluster B: is the dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster and includes antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders Cluster C: is the anxious or fearful cluster and includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Possible causes of personality disorders focus on biological, genetic (tend to run in families), social, cultural, behavioral, or cognitive sources. Childhood neglect, abuse, and exposure to unstable relationships can increase the risk of developing personality disorders.

Answer 37

people with PPD are constantly suspicious of other people, even when there's no real reason to be. They tend to think that others are trying to harm, deceive, or exploit them. They assume the worst about people's motives, are hypersensitive and easily offended or feel wronged, they tend to hold grudges and dwell on past perceived wrongs, and they often blame others for their own problems.

Answer 38

is a condition where a person shows very little, if any, interest and ability to form relationships with other people. It's very hard for the person to express a full range of emotions. If you have schizoid personality disorder, you may be seen as keeping to yourself or rejecting others.

Answer 39

is characterized by odd or eccentric behavior and difficulties in forming close relationships. People with schizotypal personality disorder may have unusual beliefs or perceptions, such as magical thinking or paranoid ideation. They may also display peculiar speech patterns, odd thinking, and may experience discomfort in social situations. This disorder is not the same as schizophrenia, but it shares some similarities in terms of unusual thinking and behavior.

Answer 40

is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect (emotional expressiveness), along with marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. Individuals with BPD often have intense and unstable relationships, unstable self-image, impulsivity in areas such as spending, sex, substance abuse, and recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats. They may also experience chronic feelings of emptiness and have difficulty controlling anger.

Answer 41

(sometimes referred to as sociopathy) is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for–and violation of–the rights of others, occurring since age 15 (and often showing signs as early as age 8), as indicated by three (or more) of the following criteria: Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another. According to the DSM-5, diagnosis of the disorder requires the individual to be at least 18 years of age and have a history of conduct disorder before age 15. 18 is the designated minimum age for diagnosis due to the fact the people’s personalities are still developing before this age. It is estimated to affect between .6% and 3.6% of adults and it is three times more common among men than women. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder often also have co-occurring mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder or substance use disorders. (psychiatry.org)

Answer 42

is characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. People with NPD often have a sense of entitlement, an exaggerated sense of self-importance, and may exploit others to achieve their goals. They often require excessive admiration and have a tendency to belittle or look down on others whom they perceive as inferior.

Answer 43

is a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior. Individuals with this disorder often crave attention, act in a dramatic or exaggerated manner, and may be easily influenced by others. Individuals with this disorder often display shallow emotions and rapidly shifting moods, and their emotions may seem theatrical or exaggerated. They often use physical appearance to draw attention to themselves and may be overly concerned with their appearance. Their attention-seeking behavior often leads to inappropriate behavior when not the center of attention.

Answer 44

(APD) is characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. People with avoidant personality disorder tend to avoid social interactions and intimate relationships due to a fear of rejection or criticism. They often have low self-esteem and may experience significant distress in social situations. Avoidant Personality Disorder Vs. Social Anxiety Disorder: AVPD is more about fear of rejection and feelings of inadequacy, while SAD is about fear of being judged and embarrassed. People with AVPD have very low self-esteem, which drives their avoidance. In SAD, the avoidance is driven by anxiety rather than self-esteem issues.

Answer 45

is a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of by other people. This need leads to submissive and clinging behavior and a strong fear of separation. Individuals with DPD often have difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others and rely on others to assume responsibility for major areas of their lives.

Answer 46

is a personality disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control (of oneself, others, and situations) at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. This preoccupation often interferes with the ability to complete tasks and maintain healthy relationships.

Answer 47

ndividuals with OCD are often aware that their obsessions and compulsions are unreasonable and cause them distress. People with OCPD, on the other hand, typically believe their way of thinking and behaving is correct and may not recognize that it's causing problems.

Answer 48

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) defines feeding and eating disorders as a group of mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in eating behavior and related thoughts and emotions. These disorders include anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Possible causes of feeding and eating disorders focus on biological, genetic, social, cultural, behavioral, or cognitive sources.

Answer 49

are a range of non-medical / surgical psychological treatments used by trained professionals to help individuals address mental health issues, emotional difficulties, and behavioral problems. They include talk and behavioral therapies, and are what are evidence-based treatments (meta-analysis has provided evidence showing that they are effective). use free association and dream interpretation to uncover the unconscious mind. Psychodynamic therapists believe our childhood experiences often shape our adult personalities, and if these experiences were traumatic or stressful, they could be repressed in our unconscious minds, resulting in maladaptive behaviors in adulthood. With free association, the therapist instructs the patient to say whatever comes to mind without censorship or selection. This means the patient should verbalize every thought, feeling, image, memory, or idea that pops into their head, no matter how irrelevant, embarrassing, illogical, or unpleasant it might seem. The therapist looks for patterns in thoughts to bring to conscious awareness what is guiding maladaptive behaviors. Projective tests, like the Rorschach Test and Thematic Apperception Test, are used to uncover the unconscious mind, as well.

Answer 50

involve the use of medical interventions to treat mental disorders. These interventions are typically divided into two categories: Psychopharmacological Treatments: Medications Physical Therapies: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and neurosurgery. These interventions aim to alleviate symptoms of mental disorders by targeting biological factors such as brain chemistry, neural circuits, or anatomical structures. Biomedical therapy is often used in conjunction with other forms of therapy, such as psychotherapy, to provide comprehensive treatment for individuals with mental health issues. Due to the increased efficacy (effectiveness) of psychotropic medications (meds that affect a person’s mental state), many people were de-institutionalized in the late 20th century. Today, many people are treated with combinations of medications and therapies. It is paramount that therapists conduct themselves in an ethical manner, following principles established by the APA. Therapists must remember to display cultural humility, acknowledging cultural differences when treating clients. The therapeutic process is most effective when the therapist is highly qualified, creates an environment of safety and trust, and the client is accepting of and responsive to the therapeutic process. These conditions are all part of the therapeutic alliance. The therapeutic alliance is defined by a collaborative and trusting relationship between therapist and client.

Answer 51

is the type of psychotherapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative or distorted thought patterns (maladaptive thoughts) to improve emotions and behaviors. Cognitive restructuring utilizes challenging maladaptive thoughts to replace them with more realistic and helpful ones. Change the way you think (internal locus of control and optimistic explanatory style)!

Answer 52

is defined by a collaborative and trusting relationship between therapist and client.

Answer 53

also known as anxiety hierarchies, are a ranked list of situations, objects, or activities that trigger anxiety or fear in an individual. The items on the list are ordered according to the level of distress they evoke, ranging from the least anxiety-provoking to the most anxiety-provoking. With a person who fears public speaking, a therapist might have that person first rehearse in front of a mirror, then in the presence of one trusted friend, then with a few people, then a larger audience. Negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future make up the cognitive triad. Addressing the way one thinks negatively about them, and changing the mindset to positive thoughts, instead, is the way a cognitive therapist would guide a client. The cognitive triad is often present with people who suffer from depressive disorders.

Answer 54

are psychotherapies that focus on changing unhealthy behaviors through principles of learning, such as reinforcement, punishment, and conditioning.

Answer 55

is therapy based on behaviorist principles that use reinforcement and structured techniques to improve specific behaviors. An example would include teaching a child with autism to make eye contact by rewarding the behavior.

Answer 56

is a form of behavioral treatment that helps reduce a person’s anxiety levels by gradually and repeatedly exposing them to feared objects, situations, or memories in a controlled and safe environment.

Answer 57

is a specific example of exposure therapy. This form of therapy gradually reduces fear by pairing relaxation strategies (breathing exercises / meditation) with step-by-step exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli. An example for treating arachnophobia, would include having the client with a fear of spiders learn deep-breathing techniques, then gradually moving from imagining a spider, to viewing pictures of spiders, then holding a plastic spider, and eventually holding an actual spider.

Answer 58

(VRET) is another form of exposure therapy that uses virtual reality technology to simulate real-world environments and situations in a controlled and immersive way. It is used to treat various anxiety disorders, phobias, PTSD, and other psychological conditions.

Answer 59

is a behavioral therapy technique used to decrease the frequency of, or eliminate entirely, undesirable behaviors by pairing them with aversive (unpleasant) stimuli. Antabuse medication, or disulfiram, is a prescription drug used in some recovery programs to treat alcoholism.

Answer 60

are a method of behavior modification in which desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens (secondary reinforcers), which can later be exchanged for rewards or privileges (primary reinforcers). This approach is widely used in schools, prisons, and mental health institutions.

Answer 61

is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. CBT helps individuals become aware of inaccurate or negative thinking so they can view challenging situations or thoughts more clearly and respond to them in a more effective way. CBT is an evidence-based treatment, and is particularly effective at treating depression, anxiety disorders, and PTSD.

Answer 62

is a cognitive-behavioral therapy designed to teach individuals to manage intense emotions, tolerate distress, improve relationships, and practice mindfulness. This form of therapy originated to help people with borderline personality disorder and is also used to treat people with disorders that are marked by emotional regulation difficulties. This form of therapy utilizes 1 to 1 sessions, as well as group sessions.

Answer 63

is a type of confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions. It emphasizes the importance of rational thinking as a means of achieving emotional well-being. The ABCs of REBT include the Activating event (student fails an exam), the Belief (“I’m stupid!”), and the Consequence (student feels depressed and gives up trying in school).

Answer 64

is part of the humanistic approach to treatment. With this approach, the therapist actively listens without judging or interpreting what the patient is saying, and refrains from directing the patient towards particular topics. The therapist is authentic and transparent, refraining from putting on a professional front, thus fostering trust and openness. This is a non-directive therapeutic approach. Think of the therapist as a “service human,” for emotional support. This approach to treatment includes unconditional acceptance, genuineness, and empathy on the part of the practitioner. The idea with this approach is that when the client feels unconditionally accepted, they can genuinely express who they are, and work towards a better self concept and self acceptance, working towards self-actualization. In client-centered therapy, this approach is referred to as Unconditional Positive Regard!

Answer 65

notherapy refers to a therapeutic technique that utilizes hypnosis to achieve specific psychological or physical outcomes. Hypnosis is best understood as a state of consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness, characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion. Some therapeutic benefits include pain management, reduced anxiety and stress management. Some people also claim to have broken bad habits (smoking, eating snack foods, binge drinking, etc.) via hypnosis. Limitations to hypnosis include a lack of evidence that showing an ability to retrieve lost memories, regres to an earlier age, or influence a person’s behavior in the presence of a lack of interest or will (“You will fall asleep at the snap of my fingers!”). Hypnosis comes from the Greek word “hypnos” which means sleep.

Answer 66

to treating disorders utilizes medications (pharmacological intervention), electrical stimulation, magnetic impulses, and, in extreme instances, surgery. Lifestyle changes are also emphasized in the biomedical approach to therapy. Diet, exercise, exposure to light–particularly sunlight–and adequate rest are all important components of treating and maintaining one’s mental health.

Answer 67

is the most commonly used biomedical intervention. The prescribing and monitoring of the use of pharmaceuticals is done so under the care of a psychiatrist.

Answer 68

medications help depress (calm) an individual’s sympathetic nervous system. These sometimes lead to an individual becoming tired and lacking energy.

Answer 69

medications work by altering serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain and body. SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are the most common form of antidepressants prescribed in the United States. Atypical antidepressants is the name given to non SSRI medications used for treating depressive disorders.Wellbutrin & Trazodone

Answer 70

work to stabilize manic and depressive episodes in Individuals with bipolar disorder.

Answer 71

are psychoactive drugs which increase the activity of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. This is done to help regulate executive functioning, as it relates to inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. They are used to treat ADHD.

Answer 72

drugs target dopamine (too much) and serotonin (too little) dysregulations to treat both positive symptoms (dopamine) and negative symptoms (serotonin) of Schizophrenia. Side effects can include sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those found in people with Parkinson’s disease. Prolonged exposure to these drugs, also increases one’s chances of developing tardive dyskinesia, which results in involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue and limbs.

Answer 73

Anxiolytics (Anti-Anxiety Medications): Benzodiazepines, such as Xanax, Valium, Ativan, Klonopin

Answer 74

Antidepressants: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Examples include Prozac, Zoloft, Lexapro

Answer 75

Mood Stabilizers: Lithium & Depakote

Answer 76

Neuroleptics / Antipsychotics: Thorazine

Answer 77

Stimulants: Adderall, Vyvanse, Ritalin

Answer 78

this treatment utilizes the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain. The pulses are directed in such a way to either suppress or stimulate brain activity. This approach has been shown to help 30% to 40% of people with depression. Unlike ECT, there are no seizures or memory loss resulting from this therapeutic intervention, nor are than any other serious side effects reported for this treatment.

Answer 79

This form of therapy is typically administered to patients who are extremely resistant to talk therapy and medications for treating severe depression. With ECT, a patient is given an anesthetic and muscle relaxant, and then has a brief pulse of electrical current sent into the brain, triggering 30-60 second micro-seizures. Within 30 minutes of receiving the treatment, the patient awakens and has no recollection of the treatment. While the treatment has proven very effective ( 70 % of those treated show marked improvement and reductions in suicidal thoughts, ideations, and attempts), one side effect of ECT is loss of some long term memories (retrograde amnesia).

Answer 80

this procedure was created by Portuguese physician Egas Moniz in the 1930s. It It was a procedure used to calm those with uncontrollable emotional and violent reactivities. It worked by severing the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain (limbic system). This procedure often did calm an individual and reduce their tension and anxiety, but it also resulted in a person becoming lethargic, immature, withdrawn and lacking in creativity. Many patients also did not survive the procedure. Due to the advent of effective medications, this procedure is no longer utilized.

Answer 81

separating the two hemispheres of the brain, by severing the bundle of nerves joining them. This is done for patients with severe seizure disorders.

5 Flashcards

(105 cards)