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Question 1

Person perception

Answer 1

how we form impressions of ourselves and others, including attributions or behavior.

Question 2

Attribution theory

Answer 2

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation they are faced with, which is known as situational attribution, or the person’s stable, enduring traits and characteristics, which we refer to as dispositional attribution.

Question 3

Actor-observer bias

Answer 3

the tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, but for observers to attribute others’ behavior to internal causes. This contributes to the fundamental attribution error.

Question 4

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 4

is a cognitive bias where people overemphasize dispositional or personality-based explanations for the behavior of others while underemphasizing situational factors. In simpler terms, when we see someone do something, we tend to think it’s because of who they are as a person, rather than considering the circumstances they might be in.

Question 5

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 5

Cognitive Dissonance takes place when there is a conflict between our thoughts and behaviors. As a result of the conflict, psychological tension, or discomfort, sets in. When we experience this tension, we are motivated to alleviate it and return to a sense of cognitive harmony. We can do this by changing our behavior to match our thoughts, or we can engage in internal persuasion or rationalizations to justify our behaviors.

Question 6

Belief perseverance

Answer 6

is a cognitive bias in which an individual clings to a belief even when faced with irrefutable information or evidence that disproves those beliefs. The person will still believe that which is false even when shown proof that their belief is false.

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Answer 7

is the tendency to seek out, interpret, and remember information that confirms our existing beliefs, while ignoring or dismissing information that contradicts them.

Question 8

Prejudice

Answer 8

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group of people and its members. Prejudice generally involves negative emotions, stereotypes, beliefs, and a predisposition for discriminatory practices.

Question 9

Discrimination

Answer 9

unjustifiable negative behaviors or actions towards a group or its members.

Question 10

Stereotype

Answer 10

a generalized, often exaggerated, belief about a group of people.

Question 11

Just-world phenomenon

Answer 11

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people who face adverse conditions and outcomes generally get what they deserve.

Question 12

Social identity

Answer 12

a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership(s). It’s the part of their self-concept that is derived from their knowledge of and feelings about belonging to particular social groups.

Question 13

Ingroups

Answer 13

groups and affiliations in which we are a part of who we identify with.

Question 14

Outgroups

Answer 14

groups and affiliations in which we are not a part of or do not identify with

Question 15

Ingroup bias

Answer 15

the tendency for us to favor our own groups and see far more diversity and individuality among the members of the groups that we are a part of, as compared to a homogeneous grouping of members of outgroups.

Question 16

Scapegoat theory

Answer 16

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone else to blame for our own faults and shortcomings.

Question 17

Other-race effect

Answer 17

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than the faces of other races. This is also referred to as the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

Question 18

Social comparison

Answer 18

is the process of evaluating oneself by comparing oneself to others within society or social groups.

Question 19

Upward Social Comparison

Answer 19

comparing ourselves to those we perceive as better than us, which may motivate improvement, but could also lead to feelings of inadequacy.

Question 20

Downward Social Comparison

Answer 20

comparing ourselves to those we perceive as worse off than us, which can boost self-esteem and provide a sense of comfort.

Question 21

Relative deprivation

Answer 21

is the feeling of being deprived when comparing oneself to others, even if one’s actual circumstances are not truly bad.

Question 22

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 22

is a persuasion strategy where a person starts by making a small request of someone that is easy to agree to. Once the person agrees to the smaller request, they are more likely to agree to a larger request that follows.

Question 23

Central Route Processing

Answer 23

is a method of persuasion which focuses on facts and the content of a message in order to persuade the listener to alter his / her attitude. This is a form of persuasion that looks to rational, intellectual methods of persuasion.

Question 24

Peripheral Route Processing

Answer 24

occurs when someone evaluates a message, such as an advertisement, on the basis of physical attractiveness of the spokesperson, background music, or other surface-level characteristics rather than the actual content of the message. This route uses techniques that are meant to move someone emotionally and superficially, rather than intellectually.

Question 25

False consensus effect

Answer 25

is the tendency for people to overestimate how much others share their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. An example would be a person who loves jazz music and thinks everyone else she knows and meets holds the same level of enjoyment for that genre of music.

Question 26

Superordinate goals

Answer 26

are shared goals that are important to gatherings of multiple groups or individuals and require cooperation to achieve. These goals help reduce intergroup conflict and encourage collaboration by focusing on a common objective, rather than highlighting the differences between and among the participating individuals and groups.

Question 27

The social reciprocity norm

Answer 27

is the expectation that people will respond to each other’s actions with similar actions. If someone does something helpful for you, you are expected to return the favor in the future. This norm is fundamental to social interactions and promotes cooperation within society.

Question 28

Group Polarization

Answer 28

occurs when we gather with like-minded people, resulting in a strengthening of our already held beliefs and attitudes (Echo Chambers / Positive Feedback Loops).

Question 29

Groupthink

Answer 29

is a phenomenon that occurs when a group of well-intentioned people makes irrational or non-optimal decisions spurred by the urge to conform or the belief that dissent is not possible.

Question 30

Social Facilitation

Answer 30

is the phenomenon of increased or decreased performance in the presence of others. The presence of others causes arousal which strengthens our most likely responses when performing tasks in front of a group or audience. On the flip side, performance of tasks and skills we struggle with become even more challenging in the face of an audience.

Question 31

Deindividuation

Answer 31

is the process of losing self-awareness and self-restraint when part of a group. This often occurs when group participation makes people aroused or heightened and provides a layer of anonymity by blending into the larger group.

Question 32

The Bystander Effect (Bystander Apathy)

Answer 32

is a social phenomenon in which people are less likely to offer assistance to a victim or someone needing help when there are other people present. This is the result of the diffusion of responsibility. This is the inaction.

Question 33

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 33

is the idea that as the number of bystanders in an emergency increases, the greater the belief among the witnesses that someone else will come to the aid of the victim. This bel;ief results in the bystander effect. This is the thought process.

Question 34

Social norms

Answer 34

are accepted behaviors or beliefs within a society or group; they are the unwritten rules that guide how we behave in various situations. Social norms are essential for maintaining order in society. They help individuals know how to behave in different contexts, providing predictability and reducing social friction.

Question 35

Social influence theory

Answer 35

suggests that individuals change their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes in response to social pressure. Social influence can occur in various forms, including normative and informational social influence.

Question 36

Normative Influence

Answer 36

is the social influence to conform to the group in order to be liked or accepted by others. The desire to fit in and not be an outcast.

Question 37

Informational Influence

Answer 37

is the social influence to conform to others because one believes they have more accurate information, know how to perform a task one is unfamiliar with, or respond appropriately in situations in which there is uncertainty. Following the lead of others to do things correctly.

Question 38

basics of the Asch studies

Answer 38

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch conducted experiments where participants were asked to match line lengths, but were placed in groups with confederates who intentionally gave incorrect answers. The studies revealed that individuals often conform to a majority opinion, even when it's clearly wrong, demonstrating the powerful influence of social pressure on individual judgment.

Question 39

basics of the Milgram studies

Answer 39

Stanley Milgram's 1960s experiment explored obedience by instructing participants to administer electric shocks to a "learner" when they answered incorrectly. Despite the learner's feigned pain, a significant number of participants continued to deliver increasingly severe shocks when urged by an authority figure, revealing the powerful influence of authority on individual behavior.

Question 40

basics of the Zimbardo studies

Answer 40

Philip Zimbardo's 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment assigned college students to "guard" or "prisoner" roles in a simulated prison. The study, cut short due to its disturbing results, demonstrated how quickly individuals adopt assigned roles, with "guards" becoming abusive and "prisoners" submissive, revealing the powerful impact of situational forces on behavior.

Question 41

Observational Learning

Answer 41

is the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others. It involves cognitive such as attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. It's learning through observation. This is a broad category encompassing any learning that is the result of watching another person or group of people. This is the learning part.

Question 42

Modeling

Answer 42

is the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior demonstrated by a model, such as a teacher, coach or instructor. The model can be an actual person who is present with the learner, such as a parent, teacher, friend, or a demonstrator in an instructional video or manual. This is the demonstration part.

Question 43

Vicarious learning

Answer 43

occurs when we learn from the consequences of others' actions. We observe how others are rewarded or punished for their behaviors, and this influences our own behavior.

Question 44

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 44

means that we are more likely to repeat a behavior if we see someone else being rewarded for it. Vicarious punishment means we are less likely to repeat a behavior if we see someone else being punished for it.