Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3 Respiratory Unit > 1&2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

1&2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Where would you find the upper respiratory tract and what does it consist of?

A

Nostrils–> lower border of _cricoid cartilag_e of larynx

Contains:

  • Nose
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx (acts as 3 way valve)
  • Larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The nasal cavity contains 4 paranasal sinuses. Identify the names of them on the following diagram:

A
  1. Frontal sinus
  2. Ethmoid sinuses
  3. Spenoid simuses
  4. Maxillary sinuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the sinuses?

A

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of vascular mucosa lining the paranasal sinuses (and turbinates)?

A

Warm and moiste air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the glottis?

A

Vocal cords and aperture between cords in larynx (connects pharynx to trachea)

Vocal cords aka vocal folds, vocal ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is the entrance to the trachea closed off during swallowing?

A

Laryngeal inlet narrows, epiglottis folds down- like lid

Suprahyoids lift larynx- close of trachea

Vocal cords adduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which muscles cause the vocal cords to move and what are they innervated by?

A

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why does intra thoracic disease sometimes cause a hoarse voice?

(eg aortic aneurysm)

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve on LEFT has long course- down into thoracic cavity

Nerve= compressed or infiltated

Paralysis of left vocal cord= hoarse voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If the larynx and vocal cords are dysfunctional, what might there be an increased risk of?

A

Food and liquid aspiration (inhalation)

Trachea may not be properly closed off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the cough reflex and what is its function?

A

What?:

Ability to close vocal cords- build up intrathoracic pressure

Then sudden opening of vocal cords- air expelled quickly

Function?:

Protective mechanism–> expel inhaled particles

Clearance mechanism for excessive secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What components make up the ‘bony thorax’?

A

Sternum

Ribs

Thoracic vertebrae

Costovertebral joints

Rib movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which costal cartilage (rib) articulates with the sternum at the level of the sternal angle?

A

2nd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What forms the floor of the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many joints do thoracic vertebrae have?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fill in the missing labels on the ‘typical’ rib (3-9)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the 3 muscles contained in the intercostal space, superficial to deep.

A

External intercostals

Internal intercostals

Innermost intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the external intercostal muscles and the movement they create.

A

Fibres run downwards and anteriorly

Responsible for 30% of chest expansion during QUIET RESPIRATION

Bucket handle movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the internal intercostal muscles.

A

Run downwards and posteriorly

Pull ribs down from postive chest expansion

Forced expiration

(Innermost intercostal muscles- similar to internal, act along them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which muscle is responsible for >70% of chest expansion in quiet respiration?

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The peripheral muscular fibres of the diaphragm arise from the lower margin of the thoracic cavity. What makes up the lower margin of the thoracic cavity?

A
  • Inner aspect of xiphisternum
  • Inner aspect of 7-12 costal cartilages
  • Arcuate ligaments
  • Crura of diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The diaphragm is innervated by which nerves?

A

Right and left phrenic nerves (C3,4,5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

If one of the phrenic nerves is damaged, how with the chest x-ray appear?

A

Elevated hemidiaphragm on affected side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

At which spinal level does the diaphragm have openings for:

  • Vena cava
  • Oesophagus
  • Aortic Hiatus
A
  • Vena cava T8
  • Oesophagus T10
  • Aortic Hiatus T12

(count letters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do the left and right domes of the diaphragm lie? (vertically)

A

Right: 5th Rib

Left: 5th Intercostal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Peripheral gutter around edge of diaphragm

Space where lungs don’t fill thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do the bronchi divide to eventually form bronchioles?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does the trachea begin and where does it end (divides into right and left main bronchi)?

A

Begins: Lower border of cricoid cartilage (of larynx) (C6)

Ends: Sternal angle (T4/T5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the angle between the right and left bronchi known as?

A

Carina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

(important clinically: can be removed without much bleeding, air leakage or interfering other segments)

A

Area of lung supplied by:

  • segmental bronchus
  • accompanying branch of pulmonary artery
  • drained by segmental pulmonary vein

=pyramid shaped, apex faces towards segmental bronchus

30
Q

What parts of the respiratory system can be viewed when a bronchoscopy is done?

(used in diagnosis of bronchial carcinoma)

A
  • Inner trachea
  • Carina
  • Main bronchu
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Origin of segmented bronchi
31
Q

What is the conducting zone? (with relation to the lungs)

A

Zone between trachea and alveolar sacs where no gas exchange takes place

Conducting zone: divisions 1-16

Airway divides 23 times between trachea and alveoli

32
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Part of airway from trachea to alveoli where gas exchange occurs

Divisions 17-23 (out of 23)

Made up of:

  • Respiratory bronchioles- have occasional alveoli
  • Alveolar ducts
33
Q

Describe the division of the lobes of the lungs.

A

LEFT LUNG: 2 lobes

Upper

Oblique fissure

Lower

RIGHT LUNG: 3 lobes

Upper

Horizontal fissure

Middle

Oblique fissure

Lower

34
Q

Why is it that tumours of the apex of the lung can cause neurological and vascular problems in the upper limb?

A

Apex extends above level of 1st rib in neck

Apex closely related to subclavian vessels and brachial plexus

35
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air leaks into pleural cavity

(eg caused by stab wound to lower neck/cannulation of subclavian vein)

36
Q

On which surface of the lung can the hilum be found?

A

Mediastinal surface

37
Q

What passes through the hilum of the lung?

A
  • Main bronchi
  • Branches of pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Lymphatics
  • Pulmonary plexuses
38
Q

The mediastinal surfaces of the lung lie adjacent to important structures within the mediastinum. What are these structures?

Left (6)

Right (6)

A

Left

  1. Heart
  2. Aortic arch
  3. Descending aorta
  4. Oesophagus
  5. Nerves
    1. Phrenic
    2. Vagus
      1. Recurrent laryngeal branches (curves around arch of aorta- return to larynx)
  6. Sympathetic trunk

Right

  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Azygous vein
  3. Right atrium
  4. Oesophagus
  5. Nerves
    1. Phrenic
    2. Vagus
  6. Sympathetic trunk

Italics if same L&R

39
Q

The lungs have a dual blood supply: the bronchial arteries and the pulmonary arteries. Where do each of these arteries supply blood to?

A

Bronchial arteries

Blood from LEFT heart

Supplies: Bronchial tree and Viceral pleura

Pulmonary arteries

Blood from RIGHT heart - entire output of right ventricle- for gas exchange

Supplies: Aveoli

40
Q

What is the lung parenchyma?

A

Portion of the lungs involved in gas exchange. The most prominent structure in this region is the alveolus

41
Q

How does the majority of the blood from the lungs return to the heart. How else does blood return to the heart?

A
  1. Via pulmonary veins to left heart
  2. Via brochial veins drain via AZYGOUS VEIN into superior vena cava
42
Q

In some patients with a pulmonary embolism, blood supply to the alveoli can be maintained. How is this possible?

A

There are some anastamoses between the bronchial and pulmonary arteries at precapillary and capillary level

43
Q

Describe the route taken by the pulmonary veins.

A

DO NOT closely follow bronchi

2 pulmonary veins- leave each hilum- draining upper and lower lobes

Run in intersegmental septa

44
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lungs.

(where do they drain to)

A

Drain to:

  1. Hilar nodes (bronchopulmonary nodes)
  2. Tracheobronchial nodes
45
Q

The enlargement of which lymph nodes can cause the widening of the (angle of) carina?

A

Tracheobronchial nodes

46
Q

Describe the nerve supply to the lungs in terms of:

  1. Vagus nerves (R&L)
  2. Sympathetic trunk
A
  1. Vagus nerves
    1. Parasympathetic efferent fibres
      1. Motor to bronchial smooth muscle (bronchoconstrictor)
      2. Secretomotor to mucous glands
    2. Vagal afferent fibres
      1. Cough reflex
      2. Some subserving pain
  2. Sympathetic trunk
    1. ​Bronchodilator
    2. Vasoconstrictor
47
Q

To identify where the oblique fissure of the lung runs in a patient, what landmarks can we use?

A

Extends from:

Spinous process T2

to

6th costal cartilage

48
Q

To identify where the horizontal fissure of the lung runs in a patient, what landmarks can we use?

(Only on right side)

A

Extends from:

Mid axillary line anteriorly

along 4th rib to

anterior edge of lung

49
Q

Where does the lower edge of the lung lie? Where does the pleural cavity therefore extend to?

In:

  1. Mid clavicular line
  2. Mid axillary line
  3. Scapular line
A

Lungs

  1. Mid clavicular line- Rib 6
  2. Mid axillary line- Rib 8
  3. Scapular line- Rib 10

Pleural cavity lies 2 ribs lower

(Diaphragm lies at 5th rib on right and 5th intercostal space on left)

50
Q

Identify which area of the lung is being examined in the following images:

A
51
Q

Upon percussion of areas of the thorax, how does the liver sound compared to the lung?

A

Liver sounds dull

From 5th intercostal space downwards

In condition eg COPD, lungs= overinflated

-dullness= below 5th

52
Q

Why should a needle/tube be inserted into the upper border of the rib?

A

Avoid damaging the neurovascular bundle in costal groove

53
Q

If a patient is in the upright position and and has a pleural effusion, where will the fluid collect?

A

Costo-diaphragmatic space

54
Q

Where does the respiratory system develop from?

A

Outpouch of primitive gut tube

55
Q

Why is the cartilage in the trachea horse shoe shaped?

A

Better for swallowing- space for oesophagus

56
Q

What are the nerve roots for innervation of the diaphragm?

A

C3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive

Phrenic nerves from cervical plexus

(motor and sensory to pericardium too)

57
Q

Which muscles is this lady using to aid ventilation?

A

Pectoral muscles

58
Q

Which muscles is this man using to aid ventilation?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

59
Q

What does azygous mean (azygos vein)?

A

Vein= unpaired to artery

60
Q

Which lung is an inhaled foreign body most likely to end up in?

A
61
Q

With what rib does the horizontal fissure in the lung correspond with?

A

4th rib

62
Q

Where would you oscultate the lower lobe of the right lung?

A

Posteriorly and to the side

63
Q

Why do you need to do an x-ray of the lung following the insertion of a line into the subclavian vein?

A

Check lung hasn’t been punctured (apex of lung)

64
Q

At what anatomical landmark does the trachea bifurcate?

A

At angle of louis

65
Q

When percusing during a respiratory examination, in which intercostal space would you start to hear dullness (due to the presence of the liver on the right)? Where would the dullness be heard if the patient has COPD?

A

4th intercostal space

Dullness heard lower down in COPD

66
Q

Why is the diaphragm on an x-ray found at the level of the 6th rib?

A

Patient asked to breath in

Diaphragm flattened- so lower down

67
Q

What innnervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive

68
Q

When would you use your internal intercostal muscles?

A

Forced expiration

(quiet expiration is passive process)

69
Q

What keeps the lungs against the thoracic wall?

A

Pleural seal

70
Q

Whats the difference between atelectasis and a pneumothorax?

A

3 Respiratory Unit (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions