1. Environmentalism Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
When did environmental geography come to exist?
A
After the 1970’s
2
Q
What does environmental assessment and management involve?
A
Not just the environment but human interaction with it
3
Q
What is conflict of interest?
A
People have different views on what is right
4
Q
What is conflict of value?
A
People have different on what something means or it’s value
5
Q
What is environmentalism?
A
Social and political movement aimed at improving the relationship between humans and their natural environment
6
Q
Why did environmentalism evolve?
A
People started to like and enjoy the environment such as wales
7
Q
Which writers helped improve the relationship to the country side?
A
Wordsworth, Lord Byron and Coleridge
8
Q
What are transcendentalists?
A
Believe that humans and nature share a divine spirit
9
Q
What are the reasons for the emergence of environmentalism?
A
Global scale, Pace of change, persistence Thresholds, uncertainty
10
Q
Why was the movement called where people liked nature more
A
The romantic period
11
Q
What were the views of the romantic era?
A
Feeling rather than form, free expression passion and individuality
12
Q
Name a 19th c transcendentalist?
A
Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson
13
Q
What was the first environmental club?
A
The Sierra club
14
Q
Who founded the sierra club?
A
John Muir
15
Q
Who did John Muir have influence over?
A
Theodore Roosevelt
16
Q
Who wrote the book silent spring in 1962?
A
Rachel Carson
17
Q
What was Silent spring critical of?
A
Industry, tried to ban DDT
18
Q
Who came up with tragedy of the commons?
A
Garret Hardin
19
Q
What environmental event took place in 1970?
A
Earth day, 22 million people across the US
20
Q
When did greenpeace from?
A
1971
21
Q
What model backed the idea of environmentalism?
A
Limits to growth
22
Q
What did limits to growth show?
A
Infinite growth is impossible, other wise disastrous consequences
23
Q
What is Deep Ecology?
A
The value of non human life forms is independent of the usefulness to humans
24
Q
Who created Deep Ecology?
A
Arne Naess
25
What is the Gaia hypothesis
Presence of life determines physical and chemical condition of earth
26
Who came up with the Gaia hypothesis
James lovelock
27
What is an example of peaceful direct action?
Green Peace
28
Name and example of a re-organisation of society?
Communes
29
What is a stereotype of environmentalists?
White middle class, educated
30
What do the government release that informs people of environmental procedures?
That White Paper
31
Which country has seen the most deforestation in recent years?
Honduras
32
What was the wilderness often described as before romanticism?
Wet, soggy, damp, for the poor, not for the rich, under developed
33
What effect did romanticism have on people’s feeling on the environment?
Felling rather than form
34
How area the outside and natural areas often described today?
The great outdoors, majestic, beautiful
35
Why do different countries have different views on nature?
Their social construction, Greeks don’t like mountains as they get in the way
36
Who said man and nature or physically geography shaped by human action?
George Perkins Marsh
37
What was the first national park?
Yellow stone, Wyoming
38
What did the protest culture create in the Uk?
Hippie and environmentalists
39
When were CFC’s banned?
Montreal convention, 1987
40
When was the first Earth day?
1970
41
When were friends of the earth formed?
1969
42
How many people demonstrated at first earth day ?
22 million
43
When was limits of growth created by the club of Rome?
1972
44
What are humans part of in terms of environmentalism?
The earths organic system
45
What helped the movement of romanticism in the uk?
Endorsed by celebrities
46
What phenenom made people want to move to the country side?
Industrialisation
47
What helped to back up the teachings of the club of Rome?
Computer generated models
48
As of 2018, what is the most recent animal to go extinct?
Christmas Island Skink
49
What did the introduction of environmental romantasicm do in the uk?
Increase environmental thoughts in the working class
50
When was the yellow stone national park formed?
1872
51
When was the Gaia hypothesis?
1979
52
What is different about environmentalism since the 1960’s
Much more accepted as a problem
53
When were the periods of London smog?
17th century
54
What did John Evelyn day bout the London smog?
London resembles mount etna or the suburbs of hell rather than an assembley of rational creatures
55
What was the view of technology after the Romaric period?
Nature=good
| Technology=bad
56
What did Thoreau day about nature?
The natural world shared a belief and divine spirit humanity, inspiration and solitude
57
Where did Thoreau go to live at the end of his life?
Lived in a cabin alone in Walden pond
58
What did Thoreau day about his relation ship with money and the environment?
Give me poverty that enjoys true wealth
59
How did romantics affect the view of environment?
We convinced it in a new light, a way to escape the city and trouble of urban life
60
Who was the US’s first environmentalist?
George Perkins Marsh
61
What is the tragedy of the commons?
People using common land, exploit this land for more money, the land cannot toe the pressure and now there is no profitable land left
62
What did meadows say about exploitation?
Every day of exploitation brings world systems to the ultimate limits of growth, a decision to do nothing will result in a collapse
63
What is the first rule of deep ecology?
Human and non human life has inherent value, the value of nature is independent of human need
64
What is the third rule of deep ecology?
Humans have no right to refuse this diversity
65
Name an extreme movement that seeks to stop human destruction of the planet?
Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
66
What is the problem with environmental policies by big oil companies?
They often do it to boost public view but they themselves have the money to spend
67
Why is environmentalism hard to define?
Different to different people
68
Who said that geography should take place from out side of normal disciplines (Castree)
Halford Mackinder 1887
69
Who is effected by environmentalism?
| Howell and pickerill, Daniels et al 2016
Everyone
70
When did British government stop plans to expand Heathrow
2010, also refused Gatwick and stansted (Daniels 2016)
71
According to McCormick 1991 who has the oldest, strongest, best organised and most widely supported environmental lobby In the world?
Britain
72
Despite the size of the environmental lobby in Britain what has carter said?
Nothing much as happened/changed
73
What are common environmental ethical events?
Should we eat meat?, Should we chop down trees for wood/fuel
74
What is instrumental value?
When the recourse is useful or beneficial to humans
75
What is intrinsic
It is important of its own accord
76
What is inherent value?
We value the environment but beyond it’s use as a recourse, eg waking through the woods because we feel less stressed
77
If something is instrumentally valuable what will happen to this value?
Will go down as it is used
78
Which belief only values intrinsic value to be present in humans?
Anthropocentrism
79
What is ecocentricism?
Non human entities can have intrinsic value
80
Who attributed deep and shallow to environmental views?
Arne Naess
81
What is shallow ecology?
Anthropocentrism
82
What is deep ecology?
Eco centrism
83
What is a fatalist?
View nature as random, they cope, do not make active choices but middle through constrained by budgets or other reasons
84
What are hierarchists
View nature as tolerant, ie stable within limits but ta possible for humans to upset the balance, regulation and control, consume traditional food and goods
85
What is an individualist?
View nature as stable, humans have little lasting impact on the environment, values market system
86
What is an egalitarian?
View nature as finely balanced with humans, humans can easily upset the balance, radical changes in society needed equality, politically engaged
87
Who wrote limits to growth
Meadows (club of rome)
88
Who said that something needed to be done to diffuse the population explosion
U Thant
89
What is the problem with recource and human growth
its exponential
90
What are necessary but not needed in gowth
food resources and a health environment
91
What does limits to growth suggest
The world is not able to sustain our growing population
92
What implications does limits for growth have on the environment
environment less important due to need elsewhere of resources
93
What did limits to growth include in their book to show the draining of recources
how long each material and mineral was expected to last
94
What is the Gaia Theory
That is earth acts as one single organism
95
What did devall and sessions say
the person is not above or outside nature so the value of nature cannot be derived by humans
96
What concept did Capra invent in 1982
The New Age
97
What do some people think the world is ruled by
a greater force, comsically, eg star signs
98
When do astonomers say that we have a new age
every 2000 years
99
what age are we in in the 12st century
Aquarius, moving from picies
100
What defines the aquaries age
aquarius symbolised harmony and balance and spiritual awareness
101
Why do most humans resent deep ecology
anti human in terms of power
102
What did some gaianists think of human presence on earth
we are a parasite on the earth system
103
What do social ecology and deep ecology have in common
a level of anarchism
104
What is the view on social ecology
our problems with nature derive from social problems
105
What does a cosmological view point say about the choice of people
that they have little choice, the earth is that way for a reason
106
Who created the Gaia Hypothesis
James Lovelock 1989
107
Why can the world be seen as a super organism relating to the gaia theory
All parts help to regulate and balance the planet via feedback mechanisms
108
What is a total field view
deep ecologists that think every living thing is part of Gaia
109
What is a theory of value?
Concerns what is great and good
110
Which theory is producer orientated
marxist, the principle recourse is human labour
111
How does marxism view the prices of products differently
The value of the products is in the labour not the instrumental value
112
What is Neoclassical economics
Society is a collection of selfish, rational individuals, acting freely within markets to satisfy their wants
113
What does O'Neill say about environmentalism
To be an environmentalist you must think that nature has intrinsic value
114
What are O'Neils 3 views of intrinsic value?
Describes non instrumental value, value in its own properties, denotes objective value nature resides independently
115
What was the medievel view of the universe
the earth was at the centre of the world
116
What are the two main feedback loops of exponential growth on earth
Human population and industrial capital
117
What negative feedback loops are created in response to the dominance of the positive ones
pollution, depletion of natural resources and famine
118
What is the main regulator for environenmental views or contoversies
science
119
Why did the views of malthus and the club of rome become important in the 60's-70's (Sandbach 1978)
The environmental movement meant more people read and values these beleifs
120
What is the law of diminishing returns
as more land is used it becomes less valuable (sandback 78)
121
How does mankind normally evade crisis in the limits to growth
By making technological advances (Boserup), (Meadows)
122
If we had unlimiting recources, according to meadows what would stop growth
pollution
123
Why does it become harder to reduce waste as we are already recuing it
it becomes more expensive as the hardert to reach or more needed wastes are removed
124
In a city was is the prices of reducing sulphur dioxide at 5%, 42% and 48%
5%=£50,0000, 42%=7,500,00, 48%=£26,000,000 (meadows)
125
Who was an avid campaigner for the sierra club in the 50's 60's
David Brower
126
What is true abut social construction of nature
science, is not always true, the idea of nature comes from each individual
127
What connects with competition
Mechanistic world view
128
What is mechanistic world view
related to each other only externally. In
this perspective, society is nothing more than a mere
mechanism based on the interplay between ego centric individuals seeking their own gains
