6. CAP Flashcards
1
Q
What is Cap
A
Common agricultural policy
2
Q
Who created the cap?
A
The EU
3
Q
What % of land in the Uk is agricultural
A
71%
4
Q
What is the role of cap?
A
Provides payments to farmers
5
Q
What are Agri environment schemes?
A
Like cap but aimed money to boost the environment
6
Q
How long has AES existed for?
A
Since the mid 80’s
7
Q
What are the AES mostly aimed at?
A
Farmers but also suitable to others areas of land
8
Q
How long are the usual agreements AES
A
5-10 years
9
Q
Where does most of the funding come from?
A
Uk and Eu
10
Q
Who delivers AES to the UK
A
Defra
11
Q
In 2016 payments to farmers under AES were how much?
A
434 million
12
Q
How many AES agreements are there?
A
53,100
13
Q
How much of the land in the uk is used by AES
A
39%, 6.8million
14
Q
What are the main AES aims?
A
Conserve wildlife (biodiversity), maintain and enhance landscape quality and character, protect the historic environment, manage natural risks, conserve genetic diversity
15
Q
What was one of the main founding features of the treaty of Rome 1957
A
Common agricultural policy
16
Q
What was one of the main aims of the Cap?
A
Increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring a fair standard of living and creasing earning for agricultural workers, stabilising markets, ensuring a resonable price for consumers
17
Q
What was a big influencer of CAP?
A
Wartime shortages, food security high on agenda
18
Q
What was the philosophy of the common agricultural policy?
A
Productivism
19
Q
What financial support did the CAP bring?
A
Guaranteed prices, production linked subsidies, import tariffs
20
Q
Which country has been a thorn in the side of cap?
A
Uk
21
Q
What has added to the CAP in the coming years
A
Mechanisation, eg moving from hay to silage
22
Q
What is silage?
A
Pickled grass
23
Q
What does mechanism help to create?
A
Farm size, specialisation while bringing labour down
24
Q
What were the farming perspectives in the 60’s-70
A
An heroic activity, committed to the laudable aim of providing the nations needs
25
What is silage also good for?
More nutritious for the animals
26
What does this added nutrition due to the animals
More live stock? Tragedy of the commons
27
What does the ability to cut the grass more do to the environment
More off cuts to the rivers and streams, more run offs
28
When was the control of pollution act?
1974, relative to other industries farming went unregulated so long as it conferted with the concept of good agricultural practise
29
What was the issue with CAP after the 70’s
Over production
30
What is the environmental effect of CAP?
Environmental degradation.
31
What are hay meadows good for?
Wildlife
32
How do people contain the silage?
In plastic
33
Why was farming seen as being soo good after the war?
Heroic as feeding the nation, fighting for the nation at land
34
What over production issues have been created?
Huge grain, over supply of food
35
When were the main years of environmental degregation?
70’s-80’s
36
Why were the issues in the 70-80 more noticeable,
More public concern
37
What are a lot of impacts from farming?
Diffuse
38
What damage to rivers are there due to fame pollution?
Otters and water voles, huge nitrate pollution
39
What are the nitrate concentrations in the Thames after cap?
Massive increase in nitrate
40
How does eutrophication take place in water?
Nutrient load up, plants flourish, algae blooms oxygen is depleated, decomposition further depleates oxygen, death of ecosystems
41
What is the problem with algal bloom?
It covers the top of the water stopping plants from growing under the water
42
Where has hedgerow declined
Scotland
43
How much hedge row was lost in Scotland between 1947 1988
21,000km
44
What does the decrease of hedgerow lead to?
Decline in farmland birds
45
Between 1974 and 1999 what was the decline in skylark numbers
54%
46
How far is the yellow lark down?
76%
47
What are the international pressure of the cap?
Tarrifs disadvantage producers in other counties
48
What did the world trade organisation view the cap as?
Distorting and bad for world trade
49
By the mid 1980s what were the views on farmers
Altered notions of goodness, not as heroic as before
50
Why is there a poorer view of farmers now?
Lack of public sympathy, demands for greater regulation, questioning legitimacy, growing environmental movement, decreasing strength of the farm lobby
51
What did the AES aim to do?
Instroduce social national schemes to help the environment
52
Who was the leading advocate of AES
The UK
53
When was the environmentally sensitive areas scheme introduced?
1987
54
How much area of land in the UK is taken up with ESA schemes
1.1million ha
55
What is article 19 of council regulation 797/85
AES
56
What do people is ESA get?
Annual payment per ha under agreement
57
What happens in the esa areas?
Reduction of fertiliser and stocking densities prohibition of pesticides and herbicides
58
What was introduced to cover the areas outside of the ESA?
Countryside stewardship scheme, introduced in 1991
59
How many CSS cases where there in 2000?
10,000
60
How many years are the CSS schemes
10year
61
What does css pay
Direct subsides to farmers
62
What are the reforms called in 1992?
Macsharry reforms
63
What did the 1992 reforms do?
Paradigm shift in agricultural support
64
What was the move in the 1992 towards?
Fewer markets
65
What are pillar 1 CAP
Direct payments, export subsidy, eu funding
66
What is Pillar 2
Rural development, LFAs agri envriojment co funded by national gvt
67
What happened in the CaP reforms in 1992-2013
Introduced single farm payment moved toward decoupling, producer rather than production support, gradual modulation of funds from pillar 1 to pillar 2, UK undertook additional voluntary modulation
68
What payments do the CAP reforms move to?
Move to flat rate payment per hectare for all land irrespective of production livestock headache, payment differs to the quality of the land
69
What are the payments dependent on in Cap?
Cross compliance good agricultural and environmental condition, statutory management requirements
70
What happened with the difference between the single and total payment models?
Relatively similar
71
What happened to the new payments
Different levels of payment for each farmer
72
What are open level stewardship schemes
Open to all farmers, based on point score achieve 30 points per hectare
73
How much does the entry level stewardship give?
£60ha organic version
74
How long do the entry levels schemes last for
5 years
75
How do you apply for entry level stewardship
Simple to apply for online
76
What is higher level stewardship
Targeted to specific areas and farms, ten year agreements, level of payment depends upon precise options chosen
77
What is more complex with higher level stewardship
Require assistance and close liaison with natural England
78
When was the latest CAP reform?
2014-20
79
What happened in the newest Cap reform 2014-20
Further greeting of pillar 1 direct payments 30% of payment, crop diversification, ecological focus area on at least 5% of arable land, permanent pasture cannot plough up without permission
80
What is the second main move to the 14-20 cap reform
Moving money uphil, increasing Payments to up hill farmers
81
What support also came in the latest CAP reform?
Young farmers
82
What is a Ecological focus area?
Only required on farms with >15ha, now 5% of farm, farms with permanent crops grasslands or pastures do not need EFA’s
83
Why is fallow land?
Land that has been left to nature?
84
How must something qualify as fallow land
Must be left from 1 January to 30 June
85
To count as an EFa what must catch and cover crops adhere to?
Catch must be established by 31st August and retained until 1st Oct and cover must be established 1st Oct and retained until 15th if jan
86
When did the country side stewardship scheme start?
2016
87
What does the country side stewardship scheme aim to do?
Higher tier specific agreements like HLS, capital grants, all funding competitively allocated, application widows
88
What is the first stage of getting country side stewardship schemes?
Check local priorities
89
What is the second stage of country side stewardship scheme
Seek advice, guidance, attend local clinic, natural England, landlord, local planning authority national park authority, catchment sensitive farming officers, historic England, environment agency
90
What is the third part of countryside stewardship
Prepare farm environmental record
91
What is the 4th part of country stewards
Choose management options and capital items
92
What are buffet strips
12m to 24m
93
How much money do people get for buffet strips
£512
94
How much for a livestock trough
£110
95
How much money for archaeological features
£425ha
96
What is the 5 stage of country level stewardship
Complete application and options map
97
How do you get on higher level countryside stewardship?
Invitation, for most environmentally sensitive sites, more complex agreements, liaison and agreement with natural England
98
What were the benefits to ELS
Relatively easy to implement and administer, brings large area of the farmed area under some form of agri environment scheme, it’s achieved at least some demonstrable environmental improvements
99
What are the disadvantages to ELS
Does not provide for co ordination at the greater than farm scale, linked to management actions rather than discern-able outcomes, 30 point cap limits performance
100
What is the crowding out theory?
Paying farmers for provision of public goods might decrease the supply of public goods
101
By 2007 how much of England was in the Aes
4.4million ha
102
What percentage of the aes used boundary options?
34%
103
What leads to a successful AES?
Schemes are taken up which potentially improve the environment with benefits beyond what that farm was normally achieving (hodge)
104
What allowed member states to provide funding for schemes which contributed towards the use f agricultural production
European structure regulation 797/85
105
What shift has there been with environmental policy?
Move from trying to mitigate problems to making the environment actually better
106
What are organic farmers entitled to?
Organic Entry Level Schemes, only 6% of area relative to ELS
107
What is the ELS aim in terms of envionrment and production
Reduce intensity of production to increase environment quality
108
What has made areas of the landscape such as hedge row redundant?
Technical and structural changes to the environment, little encentive to maintain them
109
What are most environment schemes based on according to hodge?
Old world assumption that in her real environment quality is enhanced by moderate intensities of agricultural production
110
Where did most of the points awarded in the ELS come from?
Permanent Grasslands (15million points)
111
In ELS how is the majority of land taken out of production
6m buffet strips
112
How are ELS options chosen
Agricultural context
113
What can crowding out be described as?
Reduction of willingness to engage in environmentally fiendly actions due to being paid to do so
114
What are the 3 main discourses to CAP
Productivst multi functional and neo liberal
115
What is productivism?
Measurable productivity and growth are the purpose of human organisation
116
How much of the EU budget in 2014 was spent on Cap?
40%
117
What drives agricultural development in Europe?
Expansion of the u and its markets
118
What reduction of grasslands per year is the CAP aiming to meet 5%
Still destroying habitat Pe’er 2014
119
What area for countryside stewardship is 155
Carnmenellis
120
Why are the top priorities in carnmenellis
Biodiversity, water, historic environment, woodland priorities
121
What is a priority species in carnmenellis
Lesser horseshoe bay
122
What regulator put pressure on CAP
GATT
123
What is the problem with CAP and its spill over to land owners
some land owners can profit
124
When did ES take over from AES
2002
125
How much of the UK's Utilisable agricultural area did the UK aim to bring under ES by 2010
70%
