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Year 2 Environmental > 5. Sustainable development > Flashcards

5. Sustainable development Flashcards

1
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Able to be maintained at a certain rate or level

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2
Q

What is development?

A

The process of developing or being developed

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3
Q

Sustainable Development?

A

Development that meets the need of today without comprising the ability of future generations

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4
Q

What implements SD

A

Emergence of environmentalism and changing perceptions of the development

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5
Q

What was the 1960’s modernisation thesis?

A

Economic growth and application of modern methods will lead to prosperity, developing nations need to catch up

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6
Q

What is the view in the west on what developing nations need to do?

A

Modernisation = Westernisation

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7
Q

What is the dependency school of thought from the 1970’s

A

Scholarship from the developing world, the west as the cause of the problem, socioeconomic conditions related to exploitative and dependent relations with the west

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8
Q

What is the 1980’s another development policy?

A

More concerned with how development should occur than theorising development itself, increase focus on distribution of economic growth, no single model for achieving development

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9
Q

What are examples of changes to development in the 1990’s?

A

Neo liberalism, Globalisation

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10
Q

How many counties attended the 1972 conference of the environment

A

112

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11
Q

What was the message at the 1972 Stockholm conference?

A

Common approach

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12
Q

In the 1960 how did the west think underdevelopment would be solved

A

Spatial diffusion of modernity from the west

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13
Q

In the 1960s what did capitalist growth lead to?

A

Industrialisation

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14
Q

What are the two mains factors in 1970s changing approaches to development

A

Colonialism capitalism

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15
Q

What was the slogan with 1980s development

A

Another development

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16
Q

In the 1980s was the development plural or single

A

Plural, no single model for achieving development

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17
Q

In the 1980’s where is development aimed?

A

Specific local and historical conditions

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18
Q

What is the main tool for development in the 1990’s

A

Neo liberalism

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19
Q

What did 1990’s development utilise that spread development world wised?

A

Globalisation

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20
Q

What did the 1972 Stockholm conference acknowledge

A

Evidence of man made harm

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21
Q

What is the main legacy of the Stockholm conference

A

Put environmental issues on the international political agenda

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22
Q

At the Stockholm conference what did they pin on the wealthiest nations

A

Most wealthy nations suspected of trying to restrain poorer nations

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23
Q

What was started at the Stockholm conference

A

United Nations environment programme

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24
Q

How can development be sustainable?

A

Must take into acccount social factors as well as ecological ones

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25
Who chaired the 1983 commission on environmental development
From Harlem Brundtland
26
What was the Brundtland report known as?
Our common future
27
What is brundtlands definition of sustainable development
Very development oriented, echos of limits to growth
28
When was the Rio earth summit
1992
29
How many governments were at the Rio summer?
172
30
How many NGO representatives at the Rio summit
2,400
31
What were some of the conventions at The Rio summit
Forest principles, combat desertification, biological diversity
32
How many principles did Rio make?
27
33
What were the key development principles from Rio
Right to development being fulfilled, needs of developing countries to be given priority, participation of all concerned citizens at relevant levels, polluter pays,
34
What were the positives from Rio?
Excitement from the event itself, singing of 3 global conventions, agenda 21, detailed report on what should be done
35
What were the failings of Rio?
Lack of financial commitment, little actually made legally binding, specific targets avoided
36
When was the second Rio summit?
2002
37
What was the emphasis to Rio plus 10?
Partnerships between government ngos and business
38
What was Rio plus 10 critisised for?
Waste generated, large protest
39
Who did not attend Rio plus 20
Obama Cameron and merkle
40
What was the issue with plus 20?
Lacked specific targets
41
What are the three pillars to sustainability
Economic, social and environmental
42
What is the focus with sustainability?
Long term integrity and productivity
43
Why are needed to strike a balance with sustainability
Natural capital
44
What are the requirements for sustainability
Sustainable rescource use, knowledge of limits and capacities of sources and sinks management of natural capital to limit regulations market mechanisms and precautionary principles
45
What is economic sustainability focussed on?0
Growth productivity and development
46
What is required for economic sustainability
Increase true income, intensifying substitutions between different types of capital
47
What is the central issue with social sustainability
Access, to wealth rescource a and opportunities
48
What does social sustainability require?
Active political participation, government accountability and empowerment, distributional equity
49
What is weak sustainability?
Human and technological capital can be situated for natural capital, natural rescources can be used up as long as alternatives are developed, economic growth can be persued is d as long as environmental effects are managed
50
What is strong sustainability
Minimal resource substitution is the disorder state, critical natural capital should be passed onto the future generations in similar to what was inherited, economic growth should not nessisarily be priotised
51
What are the attitudes of communalist theories?
Preservation
52
What are the attitudes of deep ecology
Extreme preservation
53
What are the attitudes of cornucopia?
Mass growth and exploitation
54
What are the attitudes of accommodation
Conserve and manage
55
What are the management strats of cornucopian
Maximise GNP all limits mitigated
56
What are the management strats of accommodating
Modified economic growth
57
What Management matategies are there with communalist
Zero economic growth and population growth
58
What are management strategies to deep ecology
Reduced scale to the economy
59
What is the economy of deep ecology
Heavily regulated to minimise rescource intake
60
What is the economy of communalist
Regulated green economy
61
What is the economy of accommodating
Green markets
62
What is the economy of cornucpian
Unfettered free markets
63
What are the ethics of cornucopian
Instrumental value
64
Why are the ethics of accommodating
Instrumental value with generational concerns
65
What are ethics of communalist
Collective interest primary value to ecosystem
66
What are the ethics of deep ecology
Nature has intrinsic value
67
What are the key elements to sustainability
Interdependence bettween environment society and ecoonony
68
What should sustainable goals also have in mind
Meeting human needs, no good if it puts people in poverty
69
What is wrong with the term sustainable development
Difficult to pin down what it actually means, contested subject
70
What is the environment defined in relationship too
Development
71
If we value the environment as environmental development what is our relationship to it?
Instrumental
72
Who is in charge of SD
World leaders? Or is it big business knowone is really sure, foxes in charge of the chickens
73
What is the National Planning Policy Frame work?
Planning to help achieve sustainable development, accommodate growth in a sustainable way
74
At what level do rich nations stop becoming happier?
$15,000 dollars (Frey and stutzer 2001)
75
Who created the gross national happiness index
Bhutan
76
What has the highest gdp?
Qatar
77
Who has the lowest gdp?
Central African Republic
78
What is a techno centric approach to SD
Business as usual
79
What is an eco centric approach to SD
Impose limits
80
What did the first SD definition include?
Focus on quality of life, currently not happening
81
What are transformational alternatives?
Prosperity without growth
82
What do people say about transformational alternatives
Reform is not enough
83
What is sustainable de growth
An equitable and democratic transition to a smaller economy
84
What are the features of sustainable de growth
Focus on enjoyment of life and voluntary simplicity, disassociate with consumerism, decrease in material and energy consumption in counties exceeding the ecological footprint o
85
What is the name to Jackson’s paper in 2009
Prosperity without growth
86
What is confusing about the goals of sustainable development
Seem to differ between people
87
How has the environment been seen in relation to humanity?
External to it
88
What claim does sustainable development challenge?
Human well being can be achieved through increased global trade
89
What do people claim that development challenges
The increased intervention of the world in a capitalist economy (hopwood et al)
90
Who would say that non human species and biodiversity have rights within them selves?
Deep greens (Arne Naess)
91
What do supporters of the status quo see?
Need for change but neither the environment nor society as facing insurmountable problems
92
What does DETR think the best way to get to sustainable development is?
Through more growth
93
What does the world business council think about development and sustainability? (Hopwood 2002)
No conflict between growth of the global market and environmental stability
94
How does Schumacher argue that the economy should be run?
Like people actually mattered and on a small local scale
95
What is the common theme with reform
Advances to technology can bring benefits to reform and the environment
96
Why do green economists argue that the market needs modification
To address market failure
97
What do all forms of sustainable development agree on?
Society needs to change

Year 2 Environmental (11 decks)

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