12. Environmental Policies and Principles

Question 1

What is black letter laws?

Answer 1

Set down in writing

Question 2

What is environmtal policy? McCormick

Answer 2

Public policy concerned with governing the relationship between people and the environment, normative function

Question 3

What is norm setting?

Answer 3

Setting standards, improvement betterment or enhancement of previous standards

Question 4

What is environmental policy? Roberts

Answer 4

Set of principles and intentions used to guide desicion making about human management

Question 5

Give examples of international public enviropolicy?

Answer 5

Global Institutions, EU

Question 6

Give and example of national public enviropolicy?

Answer 6

UK Government

Question 7

How is power linked to policy?

Answer 7

Policy as government, stage centred account

Question 8

15 years ago what was common in state policy making?

Answer 8

State was seen as in the driving seat, powers that the state had in finance

Question 9

What is the common tradition with power?

Answer 9

More problamatised, rolling back of state authority in neoliberalism, over many environmental issues, power being spread in a more diffuse sense

Question 10

What are the perculier charecteristics of environmented policy?

Answer 10

Contested notion, social construction, different views to different people, incertancy and indeterminacy (some processes that defy our understanding) trans boundary

Question 11

What is irreversibility?

Answer 11

If we warm the climate it will not come back to the way it was before.

Question 12

What is the linear model of the policy process?

Answer 12

Problem, Agenda settting, Consideration of policy options, adoptions of policy options, implementation, evaluation.

Question 13

What is problematic with consideration and adoption of policy?

Answer 13

Its hard to see how it effects will work, lots of different views on the matter

Question 14

How is policy conducted

Answer 14

AT the level of government

Question 15

What are common policy inputs?

Answer 15

Demands, supports, rescources

Question 16

Why is context important?

Answer 16

Shows how the environmental policy is framed

Question 17

What effects the policy

Answer 17

, provailing ideologies, and complexion of the government

Question 18

What is the longest set of data for environmental issues?

Answer 18

Rainfall data to the early 18th century

Question 19

What is the problem with most current problems

Answer 19

Do not have many data for the important problems, have to guess and predict data

Question 20

Why are economic circumstances important?

Answer 20

Can take forward sophisticated environmental policies

Question 21

Why is the role of the public important?

Answer 21

Downs 1972, public engagement, public issues varies over time, issue attention cycle

Question 22

What is the pre problem stage?

Answer 22

No awareness that there is an issue other than in small groups, would only change if the issue was brought to light

Question 23

What happens in stage 3?

Answer 23

realisation of costs and challenges, diffuclty of situation, once we become aware enthusiasm drops

Question 24

What is the post problem stage

Answer 24

level of public interest begins to dip but is higher than stage 1

Question 25

Where does demand come from?

Answer 25

Various interest groups and mostly to public

Question 26

What is the system of government in the UK

Answer 26

Bi cameral system

Question 27

What role do the civil servants have?

Answer 27

IN charge of going over the policy, DEFRA

Question 28

What is the term used for working together of the leglisature and the governmental

Answer 28

policy community

Question 29

What is incrementalism

Answer 29

ad hoc policy making, civil servants attention is on that problem, work on it with the rescources they have available then move on to the next one

Question 30

What is mixed scanning

Answer 30

both RCDM and incrementalism cometogether

Question 31

What are laws described as?

Answer 31

The stick

Question 32

What are economic instruments

Answer 32

The carrot

Question 33

How else can policy makers make it easier for a person to take that action

Answer 33

subsidies or grants

Question 34

What are policy outcomes?

Answer 34

The effects of the policy

Question 35

Why do policies fall at the implemention stage

Answer 35

resistance by civil servants and burocrats, citizen resistance, inappropriate choice of instruments, other conflicting policies.

Question 36

What is different at the global scale?

Answer 36

Not one singular governing body

Question 37

What is the pre rider effect?

Answer 37

Why volunteer if its not in yourspecific interest, may not be better for others to do ot for you

Question 38

why can treaty making take years?

Answer 38

many countries to negotiate with

Question 39

What is the Ramsaar protection?

Answer 39

Protection around the protection of wetlands

Question 40

What is the benefits of large policys

Answer 40

have huge benefits

Question 41

What was the UNCED

Answer 41

Rio 1992, 172 nations, led by head of state, parallel process of interest groups

Question 42

What are the 4 main initiatives with UNCED

Answer 42

agenda 21, management of the worlds forests, biodiversity convention, convention of climate change

Question 43

What is the Eu's environmental policy method

Answer 43

European council, commission, parliment, court of justice

Question 44

When did the EU decide on making an environmental policy?

Answer 44

1973

Question 45

What powers does parliement have

Answer 45

to accept, reject and debate policy

Question 46

WHat can the court of justice do

Answer 46

impose fines on infingment, can fine £100,000's a day, ensures laws fits with goals

Question 47

How much of our legislation is from the eu?

Answer 47

80%

Question 48

Give examples of private international and national policy context

Answer 48

Corporate, and environmental policy

Question 49

What are private individual policy

Answer 49

Consumer

Question 50

What is policy as governance

Answer 50

Much broader range of actors contribute policy making process distributed in policy networks

Question 51

What are the linear roles of the policy process

Answer 51

Problem emergence, agenda setting, consideration of policy options, adoption of policy options, implementation, evaluation

Question 52

In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 1

Answer 52

Pre problem

Question 53

In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 2

Answer 53

Alarmed discovery and euphoric enthusiasm

Question 54

In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 3

Answer 54

Realising the difficulty and cost of significant progress

Question 55

In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 4

Answer 55

Gradual decline of public interest

Question 56

In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 5

Answer 56

Post problem stage

Question 57

What are 3 different types of deducing making?

Answer 57

Rational comprehensive desk on making, incrementalism, mixes scanning

Question 58

What is the stick of policy?

Answer 58

Laws rules and regulations

Question 59

What is the carrot of policy making?

Answer 59

Economic instruments

Question 60

What is the persuasion of policy instruments

Answer 60

Voulentary behaviour

Question 61

When is prominence highest in environmental concern,

Answer 61

just after discovery and enthusiasm, before the realisation of cost kicks in

Question 62

Who are the interest group actors in the policy process

Answer 62

Media and interest groups

Question 63

Which groups fall out of parliamentary representation and interest groups

Answer 63

Citizens and government

Question 64

What groups fall inside parliament for policy?

Answer 64

Political parties, members of parliament constituency based, parliament (house of lords-commons)

Question 65

What are policy outcomes?

Answer 65

Real world effects of government policy

Question 66

What completes the policy cycle

Answer 66

The real world outcomes

Question 67

Why might polices fail the implementation stage?

Answer 67

Resistance by civil servants citizens, inappropriate choice of instruments and other confusing policies

Question 68

How does international policy becomes legally binding?

Answer 68

Once it’s ratified by signatory countries

Question 69

What are the powers of the European council?

Answer 69

Sets the broad policy objectives

Question 70

What is the role of the European Commission in policy

Answer 70

Generates draft, laws and policies

Question 71

What are the main difficulties with European policy making

Answer 71

Number of issues, National issues often dominate, fragmentation and lack of coordination,

Question 72

What are participatory approaches

Answer 72

Public and or stakeholders are brought together to participate more or less directly in the desicion making process

Question 73

What is positive about participatory approaches (Rauchmayer)

Answer 73

Potential to lead to more effective governance

Question 74

What do makes and hooghe call participatory governance

Answer 74

Type 2 governance

Question 75

What is the assumption with governance participation

Answer 75

More participation equals better governance

Question 76

How long has biodiversity been present in Eu policy?

Answer 76

1970’s

Question 77

How does mckibben argue that we have altered nature

Answer 77

spring comes 10 days earlier, so we are sculpting the seasons them selves

Question 78

How much of the worlds land area is covered by protected areas,

Answer 78

15%, E, Lee