1. Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 1

A D E K

Question 2

What are the vitamin Bs?

Answer 2

1 - Thiamine
2 - Riboflavin
3 - Niacin

5 - Pantothenic acid
6 - Pyridaxal phosphate
7 - Biotin
9 - Folic acid
12 - Cobalamin

Question 3

Role of vitamin A

Answer 3

• Vision - vital for rod cell function
• Transcriptional factor - transcription and translation in protein synthesis
• Antioxidant - fighters of free radicals

Question 4

Role of vitamin D

Answer 4

• Bone formation, maintenance
• immune regulation
• cell differentiation
• muscle function

Question 5

Role of vitamin E

Answer 5

• antioxidant (fights free radicals)
• prevents lipid oxidation in membranes

Question 6

Role of vitamin K

Answer 6

• co-factor for enzymes that activate blood clotting proteins
• bone marrow maintenance

Question 7

Role of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Answer 7

• decarboxylation cofactor (cofactor when CO2 is released in the link reaction/krebs cycle)

Question 8

Role of vitamin B2 (riboflavin

Answer 8

• acts as a constituent of cofactors:
  eg: Flavin Adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
• fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism

Question 9

Role of vitamin B3 Niacin

Answer 9

Constituent in the cofactor NADH

Question 10

Role of vitamin B5 - Pantothenic acid

Answer 10

Coenzyme A constituent - energy metabolism, fat metabolism

Question 11

Role of vitamin B7 (biotin)

Answer 11

Prosthetic group - carrier for CO2 in carboxylation reactions like in fat synthesis

Question 12

Role of vitamin B6 pyridoxal phosphate

Answer 12

cofactor in:
- protein metabolism
- haem synthesis
- neurotransmitter synthesis

modulates steroid hormone action

Question 13

Role of vitamin B9 - folic acid

Answer 13

C1 transfers in DNA synthesis

VITAL IN PREGNANCY

Question 14

Role of vitamin B12 cobalamin

Answer 14

only needed for 2 reactions

Question 15

Role of vitamin C

Answer 15

collagen synthesis

antioxidant

Question 16

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency presents as

Answer 16

Beri-Beri disease:

• WET beri beri effects the circulatory system… can lead to heart failure
• SOB (walking/upon waking)
• rapid HR
• lymphodema
• DRY beri beri effects nerves and can lead to decreased muscle strength
• decreased muscle function (more in legs)
• pain
• confusion
• tingling in feet and hands
• vomiting
• involuntary eye movement
• paralysis

LIFE THREATENING
(most complicated in those with alcohol use disorders or weight loss surgery)

can be associated with wernike korsakoff syndrome/ wernikes encephalopathy = eye problems and memory loss!!

Question 17

Effect of B/riboflavin deficiency

Answer 17

RAREEEEE

Riboflavin co-enzymes bind very closely to enzymes so they are conserved

Question 18

Vitamin B3/niacin deficiency presents as

Answer 18

Pellagra - THE 3 DS
- diarrhoea
- dermatitis
- dementia

+ DEATH

Question 19

Vitamin B5 deficiency (pantothenic acid)

Answer 19

unknown - basically cant be deficient as found in all food

Question 20

Biotin (B7) deficiency

Answer 20

very rare

Question 21

Pyridoxal phosphate (B6) deficiency effects

Answer 21

• as neurotransmitter = irritability, depression, confusion
• inflammation of tongue and mouth

Question 22

Folic acid/B9 deficiency effects

Answer 22

neural tube defects in unborn babies

macrocytic anaemia

Question 23

Cobalamin B12 deficiency

Answer 23

macrocytic anaemia

neurological damage

Question 24

vitamin C deficiency manifestation

Answer 24

Scurvy - weakened collagen

Question 25

Vitamin A deficiency manifestation

Answer 25

- Blindness/night blindness - infection susceptibility - birth defects

Question 26

Vitamin D deficiency manifestation

Answer 26

Children = rickets Adults = osteomalacia

Question 27

Vitamin E deficiency manifestation

Answer 27

Fat malabsorbtion neurological problems

Question 28

Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 28

= rare in adults - bleeding in newborns so babies given vitamin K at birth

Question 28

NHS guidance for vitamin D

Answer 28

all adults and children over 4 could take 10 mcg daily of VD during autumn and winter

Question 29

Salt recommendations from NHS

Answer 29

adults = no more than 6g (avg = 8g)

Question 30

Folic acid advice from NHS

Answer 30

Pregnant women should take 400 mcg of folic acid daily prenatally - 12 weeks development

Question 31

Multivitamins advice from NHS

Answer 31

- children should have supplements till 5 years old

Question 32

Calories from 1g of fat, protein and carb

Answer 32

1g of: - Fat = 9 cal - Carbs and protein = 4g

Question 33

Calcium function

Answer 33

Bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nerve signaling regulates blood clotting, essential for muscle function

Question 34

Phosphorus function

Answer 34

Bone and teeth formation, energy metabolism, cell membrane function Part of phospholipids in cell membranes, vital for ATP production

Question 35

Magnesium uses

Answer 35

Enzyme function, muscle relaxation, nerve transmission Co-factor for many enzymes, involved in energy production, helps regulate blood sugar

Question 36

Sodium function

Answer 36

Fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, blood pressure regulation Maintains electrolyte balance, crucial for nerve signaling

Question 37

potassium function

Answer 37

Fluid balance, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission Maintains electrolyte balance, important for muscle function, supports healthy blood pressure

Question 38

Iron function

Answer 38

Oxygen transport, red blood cell production Component of hemoglobin, carries oxygen throughout the body

Question 39

Zinc function

Answer 39

Immune function, cell growth and development, wound healing Essential for many enzymes, supports protein synthesis, important for immune response

Question 40

copper function

Answer 40

Antioxidant Iron metabolism Connective tissue health Redox reactions iron metabolism

Question 41

selenium use

Answer 41

antioxidant thyroid hormone metab part of glutathione peroxidase process protects cells from oxidative damage

Question 42

iodine function

Answer 42

thyroid hormone production

Question 43

manganese function

Answer 43

- enzyme function - antioxidant - bone health - metabolic enzyme cofactor - supports bone mineralisation

Question 44

chromium function

Answer 44

gucose metabolism insulin sensitivity and enhance function

Question 45

what is TEE and what is it made up of?

Answer 45

Total energy expenditure BASAL metabolic rate + thermic eddect of food and diet induced thermogenesis + physical activity related enegry ependiture