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Y2 Endocrine > Pathology - Pituitary and Adrenal > Flashcards

Pathology - Pituitary and Adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two lobes of the pituitary?

A

anterior

posterior

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2
Q

what is another name for the anterior pituitary?

A

adenohypophysis

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3
Q

where is the anterior pituitary derived from?

A

Rathke’s pouch

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4
Q

what is a trophic hormone?

A

one that affects other endocrine cells

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5
Q

what is a non-trophic hormone?

A

one that acts on specific cell targets

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6
Q

what four trophic hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH

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7
Q

what two non trophic hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

GH

prolactin

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8
Q

what is another name for the posterior pituitary?

A

neurohypophysis

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9
Q

what is the posterior pituitary?

A

an extension of neural tissue

contains modified glial cells and axonal processes

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10
Q

what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH

oxytocin

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11
Q

what three cell types are found in the anterior pituitary?

A

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

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12
Q

what are the two acidophils of the anterior pituitary?

A

somatotrophs

mammotrophs

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13
Q

what are the three basophils of the anterior pituitary?

A

corticotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs

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14
Q

what do somatotrophs secreted?

A

GH

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15
Q

what do mammotrophs secrete?

A

PRL

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16
Q

what do corticotrophs secrete?

A

ACTH

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17
Q

what do thyrotrophs secrete?

A

TSH

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18
Q

what do gonadotrophs secrete?

A

FSH and LH

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19
Q

what are chromophobes?

A

cells containing no hormones

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20
Q

what is a pituitary adenoma derived from?

A

the cells of the anterior pituitary

21
Q

what are the two ways a person can develop a pituitary adenoma?

A

sporadic

associated with MEN1

22
Q

what are the two classifications of a pituitary adenoma?

A

microadenoma (<1cm)

macroadenoma (>1cm)

23
Q

what characterises the aggressive subset of pituitary adenomas?

A

increased mitotic figures

p53 mutations

24
Q

what is panhypopituitarism?

A

absent or inadequate production of the hormones of the anterior pituitary

25
Q

where is a craniopharyngioma derived from?

A

the remnants of rathke’s pouch

26
Q

what are the symptoms of a craniopharyngioma? (3)

A

headaches
visual disturbances
children may have growth delay

27
Q

what is a rare complication of craniopharyngioma?

A

SCC after radiation

28
Q

what is the prognosis for craniopharyngioma like?

A

very good

29
Q

what are the two types of diabetes insipidus?

A

central

nephrogenic

30
Q

what is central diabetes insipidus due to?

A

ADH deficiency

31
Q

what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to?

A

renal resistance to ADH

32
Q

what are the three parts of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zone reticularis

33
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

mineralocorticoids

aldosterone

34
Q

what does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

glucocorticoids

cortisol

35
Q

what does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

sex steroids and glucocorticoids

36
Q

what is the core of the adrenal called?

A

the medulla

37
Q

what innervates the adrenal medulla?

A

pre-synaptic fibres from the sympathetic nervous system

38
Q

what cell type makes up the adrenal medulla and what do they secrete?

A

chromaffin cells

catecholamines

39
Q

what are the two possible tumours of the adrenal medulla?

A

pheochromocytoma

neuroblastoma

40
Q

what are the two types of adrenocortical hyperplasia?

A

congenital

acquired

41
Q

what is the inheritance pattern for CAH?

A

autosomal recessive

42
Q

what is the pathophysiology of CAH?

A

deficiency of enzymes required for steroid biosynthesis

results in increased androgen production

43
Q

how can CAH present?

A

masculinisation of features

precocious puberty

44
Q

adrenocortical tumours are rare in children, what increases the risk?

A

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

45
Q

when is neuroblastoma usually diagnosed?

A

infancy

46
Q

where are neuroblastomas found?

A

adrenal medulla

along the sympathetic chain

47
Q

what is phaeochromocytoma?

A

a neoplasm derived from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

48
Q

what does a pheochromocytoma secrete?

A

catecholamines

Y2 Endocrine (33 decks)

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