Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y2 Endocrine > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

what is diabetes?

A

an elevation of blood glucose above a diagnostic threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens to average fasting plasma glucose as the age of patients increases?

A

it increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the thresholds for diagnosis of diabetes based on?

A

the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what fasting glucose suggests normal glucose tolerance?

A

6.0mmol/L and below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what 2 hour glucose suggests normal glucose tolerance?

A

7.7mmol/L and below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what HbA1c suggests normal glucose tolerance?

A

41 mmol/mol and below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what fasting glucose indicates impaired glucose tolerance?

A

6.1 - 6.9 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what 2 hour glucose indicates impaired glucose tolerance?

A

7.8 - 11.0 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what HbA1c indicates impaired glucose tolerance?

A

42-47 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is another name for impaired glucose tolerance?

A

pre diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what fasting glucose is diagnostic of diabetes?

A

7.0mmol/L and above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what 2 hour glucose is diagnostic of diabetes?

A

11.1mmol/L and above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what random glucose is diagnostic of diabetes?

A

11.1mmol/L and above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what HbA1c is diagnostic of glucose?

A

48 mmol/mol and above

aka 5.8% and above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what determines the thresholds for diagnosing gestational diabetes?

A

not based on the risk of retinopathy

determined by the risk to the foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is gestational diabetes?

A

diabetes that comes on during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which has higher thresholds - regular diabetes or gestational diabetes?

A

normal diabetes

values for diagnosis of gestational diabetes are much lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens when plasma glucose is low?

A

alpha cells release glucagon to raise it again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens when plasma glucose is high?

A

beta cells release insulin to lower it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what can be measured to measure endogenous insulin secretion?

A

C-peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does an insulin assay in a person receiving exogenous insulin show?

A

the injected insulin

22
Q

how can C-peptide be used to measure endogenous insulin secretion?

A

C peptide is co-secreted with insulin, so if present in the blood it shows that a person’s beta cells are producing insulin

C-peptide not found with injected (exogenous) insulin

23
Q

what determines blood glucose?

A

the balance between how much insulin is produced and how effective this insulin is

24
Q

what are the two ways diabetes can occur?

A

beta cells not secreting enough/any insulin

insulin resistance

25
Q

what is the main disease caused by deficiency of beta cell secretion?

A

type 1 diabetes

26
Q

name two genetic disorders that involve deficiency of beta cell secretion

A

MODY

neonatal diabetes

27
Q

how can pancreatic disease cause type 1 diabetes?

A

damage to the pancreas can impact insulin secretion

28
Q

name some pancreatic diseases that can cause diabetes

A

pancreatitis
pancreatic cancer
cystic fibrosis

29
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells resulting in beta cell deficiency

30
Q

when does type 1 diabetes come on?

A

any age

classically thought of as a disease in children/young adults, but this is not the case

31
Q

what is found in the blood of most type 1 diabetics at diagnosis?

A

pancreatic autoantibodies

32
Q

how is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

life long insulin therapy

33
Q

what type of diabetes is most common?

A

type 2

34
Q

do people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy?

A

the majority do not, but some people benefit from it

35
Q

how is type 2 diabetes usually managed?

A

lifestyle modification and non-insulin treatments

36
Q

what type of diabetes can often be asymptomatic?

A

type 2

37
Q

how can asymptomatic diabetes be picked up?

A

as part of a routine blood test

38
Q

name some symptoms of high blood glucose

A 
polyuria 
thirst 
blurred vision 
genital thrush 
fatigue 
weight loss
39
Q

what are two possible diabetic emergencies?

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

40
Q

which type of diabetes is more commonly associated with DKA?

A

type 1

41
Q

what type of diabetes is more commonly associated with HHS?

A

type 2

42
Q

what are the two classes of diabetes complications?

A

micro vascular

macro vascular

43
Q

What is the main driver for micro vascular complications?

A

Chronic hyperglycaemia

44
Q

Name some micro vascular complications of diabetes

A

Neuropathy
Retinopathy
Nephropathy

45
Q

What causes macro vascular complications in diabetes?

A

Hyperglycaemia
High blood pressure
Dyslipidemia

46
Q

Name some macrovascular complications of diabetes

A

MI
Stroke
Peripheral vascular disease

47
Q

What are two ways to monitor blood glucose over a long period of time?

A

Continuous blood glucose monitoring

HbA1c

48
Q

What is HbA1c?

A

Glycated haemoglobin

49
Q

How does haemoglobin become glycated?

A

When it becomes exposed to glucose

50
Q

What does HbA1c provide a measurement of?

A

Glucose exposure over the last 90 ish days (as a red blood cell survives around 90 days)

Y2 Endocrine (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions