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Horse Quiz Bowl > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Blood, blood vessels, and the heart make up what body system?

A

Cardiovascular

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2
Q

What serves as the pump for the cardiovascular system?

A

The Heart

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3
Q

What is primary function of the equine cardiovascular system?

A

To deliver oxygen from the lungs to the individual tissues of the body

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4
Q

What additional function does the cardiovascular system provide?

A

It also provides nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract to the tissues

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5
Q

Proper function of the cardiovascular system depends on what?

A

Maintaining adequate circulation

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6
Q

How many chambers are in the heart?

A

four

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7
Q

In the horse, what flows through a series of vessels known as the vascular system?

A

blood

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8
Q

The cardiac muscle is composted of what three major types of muscle?

A

Arterial, ventricular, specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers

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9
Q

Where are substances carried in the blood exchanged with the cells of the body?

A

At the capillaries

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10
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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11
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

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12
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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13
Q

What type of blood cells carry oxygen?

A

Red blood cells

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14
Q

What is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells?

A

Hemoglobin

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15
Q

The celluar elements of blood are suspected in a liquid known as what?

A

Plasma

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16
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

The series of tubes through which the blood flows

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17
Q

Blood flowing away from the heart passes through what?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules

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18
Q

Blood is returned to the heart through what?

A

Large veins

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19
Q

What is the main arterial source in the hind leg?

A

The femoral artery

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20
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle with each heart beat

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21
Q

What is the measure of how much blood the heart can pump per minute?

A

Cardiac Output

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22
Q

How is cardiac output determined?

A

It is the product of heart rate times stroke volume

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23
Q

What two sources are available to supply the extra quantity of blood required by exercising muscles?

A

Increased cardiac output and redistribution of blood away from less active tissue

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24
Q

If an adult horse weighs 1,000 pounds, how many liters of blood would the body contain?

A

50 liters

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25
Q

What is the result of a thick throatlatch when a horse flexes at the poll?

A

Breathing and blood flow may be restricted

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26
Q

Because horses eat fibrous feeds and are monogastric, they are classified as what?

A

Nonruminant herbivores

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27
Q

What are the two main functions of the mouth?

A

1) To masticate food 2) To wet it with saliva

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28
Q

What system regulates the horse’s salivary glands?

A

The nervous system

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29
Q

Name the 3 pairs of glands that produce saliva

A

1) Parotid glands 2) Sublingual glands 3) Submaxillary glands

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30
Q

What are the three salivary glands in a horse?

A

Parotid, submaxillary, and the sublingual

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31
Q

What are the accissory organs that aid in digestion?

A

Teeth, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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32
Q

What is the cartilage trap that serves to prevent food from entering the larynx when swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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33
Q

How long is the esophagus in a mature horse?

A

50-60 inches long

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34
Q

True or False? Distention of a horse’s stomach can be so severe that it will rupture before vomiting occurs.

A

True

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35
Q

Where is the horses’ gall bladder located?

A

The horse does not have a gall bladder

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36
Q

Where are red blood cells stored when the horse is not exercising?

A

In the spleen

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37
Q

The mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine all make up what part of the digestive system?

A

Foregut

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38
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

70 feet

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39
Q

Where is the primary site of protien digestion?

A

The small intestine

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40
Q

Where in the horse’s body are soluble carbohydrates digested to simple sugars?

A

The small intestine

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41
Q

How long does food remain in the horse’s stomach before it starts passing into the small intestine?

A

Approximately 15 minutes

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42
Q

What organs are in the horse’s hindgut?

A

Cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum

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43
Q

About how long is the large intestine of a horse?

A

25 feet

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44
Q

How long is the cecum?

A

4 feet

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45
Q

How long is the large colon?

A

10-12 feet and holds 86 quarts

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46
Q

How long is the small colon?

A

10-12 feet and holds 16 quarts

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47
Q

Name 5 of the eight main parts of the large intestine?

A

1) Cecum 2) Right ventral colon 3) Left venral colon 4) Left dorsal colon 5) Right dorsal colon 6) Transverse colon 7) Small colon 8) Rectum

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48
Q

What group of vitamins is synthesized by bacteria within the large intestines of the horse?

A

B Vitamins

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49
Q

How long does it take for food to pass through the cecum and large intestine?

A

36-72 hours

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50
Q

What organ removes lactic acid from the body?

A

The liver

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51
Q

How much fecal matter will a mature horse generally poduce in a 24 hour period?

A

28-40 pounds

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52
Q

True or False? On average, horses produce more fecal coliforms per day than dogs, sheep, and cattle?

A

False

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53
Q

What group of glands in the horse secretes hormones in the blood or lymph system?

A

Endocrine system

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54
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals produces by various tissues that travel through the circulatory system to produce an effect on one or more organs

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55
Q

What is the study of hormones and their effects called?

A

Endocrinology

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56
Q

What body system exercises long range control over all other body systems?

A

The endocrine system

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57
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Located deep within the tissues of the mid-brain, it is responsible for sending and interpreting messages from many sources and coordinating their signals to produce the desired effect

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58
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the brain

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59
Q

Where is lutinizing hormone produced

A

Pituitary Gland

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60
Q

What hormone is produced by the thyroid gland if the blood calcium level is too high?

A

Calcitonin

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61
Q

What is one process that allows a horse to cool its body?

A

Sweating

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62
Q

Sweat glands are located over the horse’s entire body with the exception of what parts?

A

The legs

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63
Q

Equine sweat is hypertonic. What does that mean?

A

That the sweat contains a signifigant amount of salts, primarily sodium and potassium

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64
Q

How much of reduction in body weight can occur in a 500kg horse after an endurance ride?

A

25-50kg

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65
Q

What is micturition?

A

Urination

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66
Q

Approximately how much urine will a horse void in a 24hr period?

A

4-7 quarts

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67
Q

If a horse experiences “renal failure,” what part of the body is not functioning properly?

A

Kidneys

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68
Q

What is the most important part of a horse? If you don’t have this, then you don’t have a horse?

A

Feet, hooves

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69
Q

What is one well known quotation in the horse world about hoofs?

A

No foot, no horse

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70
Q

Describe a healthy hoof.

A

The hoof should be hard, with a slick, shiny and slightly waxy appearance. I should be free of grown or fever rings. the coronary band should not be dry and leathery but should contain enough moisture to feel and appear slighly resilient.

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71
Q

True or False? Grass is considered to be nature’s hoof conditioner.

A

False. Water is nature’s hoof conditioner

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72
Q

Name the parts of the exterior hoof?

A

Sole, frog, white line, hoof wall, periople, bar, heel, bulb, cleft of frog, commissure

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73
Q

What is between the periople and the white line?

A

Hoof wall

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74
Q

What percentage of the hoof wall is water?

A

25%

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75
Q

What percentage of the sole is water?

A

33%

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76
Q

What percentage of the frog is water?

A

50%

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77
Q

Which part of the hoof is the most elastic and which is the least elastic?

A

Frog is the most elastic and the wall is the least elastic

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78
Q

What has a spiral, columnar structure that helps resist compression and flexion?

A

Hoof tubules

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79
Q

Why are the sensitive structures of the horses’ feet called sensitive?

A

Because they contain so many blood vessels and nerve endings that any injury to them causes pain and bleeding.

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80
Q

Which parts of the hoof do not contain blood vessels and nerves?

A

Hoof structures

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81
Q

What is the primary funtion of the sole?

A

Protection

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82
Q

The outer surface of the hoof wall is covered by the periople and stratum tectorium. What is the function of the stratum tectorium?

A

It helps protect the hoof wall from moisture evaporation

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83
Q

What part of the hoof bears the weight of the horse?

A

The hoof wall

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84
Q

What part of the horse’s foot provides traction and absorbs shock?

A

The Frog

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85
Q

What is the groove along either side of the frog called?

A

The sulci

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86
Q

True or False? The hoof wall is the thickest at the toe and the thinnest at the quarters.

A

True

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87
Q

What separates the hoof wall from the sole?

A

White Line

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88
Q

What is the term for the distance between successive imprints of the same foot?

A

Stride

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89
Q

In one month’s time how much will the hoof wall grow on an adult horse?

A

1/4-1/2 inch

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90
Q

What is the term for the elastic portion of the coronary band?

A

Coronary Cushion

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91
Q

What supplies blood to the sensitive structures of the foot?

A

Digital arteries

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92
Q

The functional balance of the horse’s hoof has 3 dimensions around X,Y, Z axis. The movements of the foot are given names corresponding to those of an airplane in flight. What are these movements called?

A

Roll, Yaw, and Pitch

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93
Q

The normal ideal hoof supports the primary weight of the horse on which part?

A

The hoof wall

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94
Q

Is the hoof wall thicker at the quarters or the toe?

A

The toe

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95
Q

Which is more keratinized and harder the wall at the toe or at the quarters?

A

The toe

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96
Q

What condition may develop when there is no frog pressure or contact with the ground?

A

Contracted Heels

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97
Q

Which structures of the horse’s hoof are classified as elastic structures?

A

Lateral cartilages, digital cushion, and the coronary cushion

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98
Q

What is a wedge-shaped structure with a fibro-fatty composition that is very elastic and has very few blood vessels and nerves?

A

The digital cushion

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99
Q

What are lateral cartilages?

A

Wing-like structures attached to the sides of the coffin bone

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100
Q

What is the elastic portion of the coronary band called?

A

Coronary Cushion

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101
Q

What are the shunts or alternate pathways that exist between the arteries and the veins, by-passing the capillaries called?

A

Arterio venous anastomoses or AVAs

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102
Q

What are venus plexuses?

A

they lie within the foot and are made up of and extensive network of veins that when compressed force the blood up the leg and back to the heart.

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103
Q

The sensitive structures of the foot are supplied with blood by what?

A

Digital Arteries

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104
Q

What would a stronger-than-usual pulse in the foot indicate?

A

That inflammation is present

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105
Q

What is the treatment for sole bruises?

A

seated out shoe, frog pressure shoe pad

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106
Q

What is the white line disease?

A

An infection in the hoof wall of hoof digestion fungi

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107
Q

True or False? Vitamin A is needed for growth and development of normal hoofs.

A

True

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108
Q

What do the hoof tubules look like?

A

They have a spiral columnar structure that helps them resist compression and flexion

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109
Q

What are the six physiological systems that affect performance?

A

Cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, biomechanics and conformation, hematology, and nutrition.

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110
Q

What is the single most important characteristic in equine selection and why is it so important?

A

Balance- it forms the basis of movement, length of stride, and ultimately and performance

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111
Q

What are the most sensitive areas to touch on a horse and why?

A

The eyes, ears, and nose because the horse’s survival depends on seeing, hearing and breathing

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112
Q

What mathematical equation can be used to estimate a horse’s weight?

A

W= (HG)^2xBL

330

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113
Q

What is the term used to indicate that a horse may have a structural problem or deviation which may have only limited affect on the horse’s ability to perform?

A

Serviceably Sound

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114
Q

What does it generally mean when a horse has excessive white around their eyes?

A

Nervous and flighty

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115
Q

Name three different vocal sounds or voice communication made by the horse.

A

Neigh, whinny, nicker, snort, squeal

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116
Q

At what age is a horse considered mature?

A

Five Years old

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117
Q

What is a togavirade?

A

A small lipid and protein enveloped ribonucleic acid particle

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118
Q

What is the oily waxy secretion that coats the horse’s hair, protects it from overwetting and increases its insulating ability?

A

Sebum

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119
Q

On a weight basis, the horse’s body consists of what percent minerals?

A

4%

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120
Q

The body of the horse is made up of many systems. Which system includes the brain, spinal cord, associated nerves, and special senses?

A

The nervous system

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121
Q

What are the signs of old age in the horse?

A

1) Drooping of lower lip 2) Lowered or sway back 3) Deep hollows above the eyes 4) Appearance of gray hairs

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122
Q

During an examination which mucous membranes are typically examined?

A

Inner eyelids, Inside of nostrils, Inner lips and gums, Vulva of mare

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123
Q

What appearance should normal healthy mucous membranes have?

A

Bright and moist and have a clean, pink color

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124
Q

How should you check for capillary refill time?

A

Press thumb against upper gum for a couple of seconds. Upon release of thumb pressure, the area should appear white but immediately return to the normal color within approximately 2 seconds.

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125
Q

What comprises the largest tissue mass in the horse’s body?

A

Muscles

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126
Q

True of False? Muscle is an extremely adaptable tissue

A

True

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127
Q

What are the three catergories of muscles?

A

Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

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128
Q

Name the body systems where smooth muscles can be found?

A

Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and urogenital

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129
Q

In regard to muscles, what are the two main classifications of fibers?

A

Slow-contracting and fast-contracting

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130
Q

What attaches muscles to bones?

A

Tendons

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131
Q

What are the three basic types of muscle fiber?

A

Type I, HA, HB

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132
Q

Which type of muscle fibers are slow-contracting fibers?

A

Type I fibers

133
Q

What happens to the oxygen need of tissues when exercising?

A

it dramatically increases

134
Q

Muscles that work together to accomplish movement are called what?

A

Synergists

135
Q

Muscles that work against each other are called what?

A

Antagonists

136
Q

What attaches the foreleg to the horse’s body?

A

Muscles and ligamentous material

137
Q

What is muscle hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of muscle fibers

138
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy?

A

An increase in the diameter of individual muscle fibers

139
Q

What are intercostal muscles?

A

Muscles located in between ribs that are involved in inspiration

140
Q

What are the bundles of smooth muscle fibers located in the dermis that attach to the hair follicle and the surface of the skin in such a manner that their contraction causes an erection for the hair?

A

Erectores pilorum

141
Q

What molecule is used to produce muscular activity?

A

ATP

142
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

143
Q

What two fundamental reactions resnthesize ATP?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis

144
Q

What is glycosis?

A

Breaks down glucose or glycogen into lactic acid

145
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A form of stored fuel for exercise of high intensity and relatively short duration

146
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

It breaks down carbohydrates, fats and protein into energy with the involvement of oxygen.

147
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Fuel sources used during low intensity and long duration exercise

148
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

A by-product of anaerobic glycolysis which causes fatigue in the muscles

149
Q

What accumulates in the muscles and is believed to cause muscle soreness and stiffness 24-48 hours after an intense exercise bout?

A

Lactase

150
Q

What is the anaerobic threshold?

A

The point in exercise at which lactase begins to accumulate in the muscle and spills over into the blood stream

151
Q

A reaction that does not use oxygen is considered what?

A

Anaerobic reaction

152
Q

A reaction that uses oxygen is what?

A

Aerobic reaction

153
Q

True or False? Protein is an important energy source for contracting muscles, but is not an important structural component for muscle tissue.

A

False

154
Q

What is the muscular part of the hind leg directly above the hock?

A

Gaskin

155
Q

What is the main role of the hindquarters?

A

To provide the force for propulsion

156
Q

True or False? The horse has no muscle below the knee or hock.

A

True

157
Q

How many muscles control each ear so that they turn in almost any direction?

A

Ten-10

158
Q

True or False? Muscle is an extremely adaptable tissue.

A

True

159
Q

What is myofibril?

A

One of the slender threads of muscle fiber composed of numerous myofilaments

160
Q

What are myosin and actin filaments?

A

Large polymerized protein molecules that are responsible for muscle contraction

161
Q

The dark bands containing myosin filaments are called what?

A

A-bands

162
Q

The light bands containing only actin filaments are called what?

A

I-bands

163
Q

What is the portion of myofibril that lies between two successive Z-lines called?

A

A sacromere

164
Q

What is the basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle?

A

A sacromere

165
Q

What is the sacrotubular system in skeletal muscle composed of?

A

Sacroplasmic reticulum and the tubular system

166
Q

The end of the nerve fiber contains a highly specialized structure where droplets of chemical neuro-transmitters are stored called what?

A

The end plate

167
Q

What are three common characteristics of the “ideal” head?

A

Short, well set ears, large bold eyes, short distance from eye to muzzle, large nostrils, and refined muzzle with a shallow mouth

168
Q

What is the junction between head and neck from ear to ear?

A

Throatlatch

169
Q

What is the depth of the throat latch?

A

Usually equal to one-half the length of the head

170
Q

What is the ideal ratio of the top to bottom of the horse’s neck?

A

2:1

171
Q

True or False? The distance from poll to muzzle is double the distance from eye to eye?

A

True

172
Q

What is the ideal slope of the shoulder?

A

45-50 degrees

173
Q

The withers, back, loin, and croup are what of the horse?

A

Topline

174
Q

Where is the pivotal point of the horse’s back?

A

Loin

175
Q

The high point of the horse’s back, located at the top of the vertebrae, between the shoulder blades, where the neck meets the back, is referred to as what?

A

Withers

176
Q

What are the semi-horny structures located above the knees and on the lower portion of the hocks on the medial side of the leg?

A

Chestnuts

177
Q

Are the chestnuts above or below the horse’s knee?

A

Above

178
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the animal and its enviroment

179
Q

What is the passageway to the respiratory system?

A

Nasal Cavity

180
Q

When oxygen is taken in for use by the tissues and the carbon dioxide which is produced by these tissues is released it is referred to as what?

A

Respiration

181
Q

What occurs during normal inspiration?

A

The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles expand the chest, which causes th eexpansion of the lung and allow air to flow in

182
Q

What is respiratory frequency?

A

The number of breaths taken per minute

183
Q

The amount of air inspired or expired during a normal breath is often referred to as what?

A

Tidal Volume

184
Q

True or False? Tidal volume is the amount of air inspired and expired in a normal breath.

A

True

185
Q

What is minute volume?

A

The product of tidal volume and respiratory frequency

186
Q

What is the term for the total amount of air expired or inspired in a minute?

A

Minute volume

187
Q

During normal inspiration, what forms a smooth passage for air flow into the trachea?

A

The pharynx and the soft palate

188
Q

What functions as a barrier to food entering the trachea?

A

The pharynx, soft palate and larynx

189
Q

What houses the vocal cords and is sometimes referred to as the voice box?

A

The larynx

190
Q

How many liters of oxygen does the horse’s body need per minute?

A

90 liters of oxygen per minute

191
Q

What are intercostal muscles?

A

Muscles that are located in between the ribs that are involved in inspiration

192
Q

What percentage of oxygen does air contain?

A

21%

193
Q

What does the bronchial tree consist of ?

A

Large ducts that divide into smaller and smaller passageways in the lungs

194
Q

Where do the alveolar ducts terminate?

A

Alveoli

195
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

The functional units of the lung where gas exchange usually occurs

196
Q

What is arterial hypoxemia?

A

The lowering of oxygen saturation of the arterial blood

197
Q

How many bones make up the horse’s skeleton?

A

205

198
Q

On a weight basis, the horse’s body consists of what percent minerals?

A

4%

199
Q

What are the 4 classifications of bones?

A

1) Long 2) Short 3) Flat 4) Irregular

200
Q

What determines balance?

A

the skeletal structure

201
Q

What word is used to express the height of a horse?

A

Hands and inches

202
Q

What is the minimum height of a mature horse?

A

14 hands or 56 inches

203
Q

The skeleton contains approximately what percent of the total body calcium?

A

99%

204
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A

I encloses and protects the brain and supports many sense organs.

205
Q

The bony framework of the head consists of how many bones?

A

34

206
Q

What is the orbital cavity?

A

The bony socket that surrounds and protects the eye

207
Q

What is the largest bone in the head of the horse?

A

Mandible

208
Q

What two bones are fused to form the forearm?

A

Radius and Ulna

209
Q

Name the internal bones of the horse’s leg from the cannon bone down.

A

Sesamoid, short pastern bone, long pastern bone, navicular bone, coffin bone

210
Q

What portion of the anatomy is composed of seven or eight carpal bones arranged in two rows?

A

The knee or carpus

211
Q

What joints are located below the knee joint?

A

Fetlock, pastern, coffin joint

212
Q

What joint is composed of the femur and the acetabulum?

A

Hip Joint

213
Q

What is attached by a muscular sling that supports the thorax and reduces concussion?

A

Scapula or shoulder blade

214
Q

How is the scapula attached to the vertebral column?

A

By a muscular sling

215
Q

Does a sloping shoulder or straight shoulder make for a smoother riding horse?

A

A sloping shoulder

216
Q

The layer within the joint capsule is sealed by a delicate layer of synovial membrane and is lubricated by a secretion called what?

A

Synovial Fluid

217
Q

What is side bone?

A

Ossification or calcification of the lateral cartilages

218
Q

Which bone is larger: the tibia or fibula?

A

Tibia

219
Q

What structures hold bones together?

A

Ligaments

220
Q

What attaches the splint bones to the cannon bones?

A

Ligaments

221
Q

Which bones function chiefly as levers and aid in support of weight and locomotion?

A

Long bones

222
Q

The horse’s forelimbs bear what percentage of its weight?

A

65%

223
Q

Why are there more injuries and unsoundness in the horse’s front of limbs?

A

Since 65% of the horse’s body weight is carried by the forelimbs, they are subject to the most stress and strain.

224
Q

How many joints are there in the front leg of the horse?

A

6

225
Q

How is the hind leg attached to the spine?

A

With a bone to bone connection

226
Q

What is the hardest working joint in the horse’s body?

A

The hock

227
Q

The tarsal joint is commonly called what?

A

Hock

228
Q

How many bones are in the tarsus or hock of the horse?

A

6

229
Q

Name the major bone of the leg between the stifle and the hock.

A

Tibia

230
Q

How many ribs does a horse have?

A

36 or 18 pairs

231
Q

The first 8 pairs of the 18 pairs of ribs are called what?

A

true ribs

232
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs that are attached to the sternum by means of cartilage

233
Q

What is the largest joint in the horse?

A

The stifle joint

234
Q

How many joints are in the hind leg?

A

7

235
Q

Where would you find coccygeal vertebrae of the spinal column?

A

Tail or caudal

236
Q

How many bones are located in the horse’s foot?

A

3

237
Q

What are the 3 bones of the foot?

A

Coffin, Navicular, Short pastern bones

238
Q

What is integument?

A

the skin and hair that covers the horse’s body and forms the boundary between the animal and it environment.

239
Q

A horse begins to grow a longer hair coat during the fall due to what?

A

Decreased day length

240
Q

Which event stimulates hair growth of the horse: temperature or shortening of daylight?

A

shortened days

241
Q

What are the two types of body hair?

A

The dense undercoat and the less prevalent long “guard” hairs

242
Q

Hair covers most of the skin area on the horse except where?

A

Underneath the tail, around the genitals, and on the inside of the thighs

243
Q

Where are the sebaceous glands located?

A

Same places as the hair follicles

244
Q

What types of vision do horses have?

A

Binocular and monocular

245
Q

What type of vision allows a horse to see areas on each side of its body?

A

Monocular vision

246
Q

What type of vision does a horse use for viewing objects closer than 4 feet?

A

Monocular

247
Q

The entire spatial area from which the complete visual image of an eye is formed is known as

A

Field of vision

248
Q

What is the fluid that lubricates the eye?

A

Lacrimal fluid

249
Q

What are the black nodules that are found on the upper part and lower margins of the pupils so they are on the iris?

A

Corpora nigra or granula iridica

250
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The transparent portion of the front of the eyeball

251
Q

When examinging a horse what are three of the vital signs that should be checked?

A

Pulse, temperature, respiration, capillary refill time, mucous membranes, skin pliability

252
Q

What factor can cause variations in the TPR of an individual horse?

A

Time of day, Age and sex, Ambient temperature, wind and precipitation, Level and intensity of activity, Disease state

253
Q

What is the average temperature of a horse?

A

100-101.5 F

254
Q

Should a horse’s temperature be higher at 7 am or 5pm?

A

5 pm

255
Q

What is the normal body temperature for an adult horse?

A

100.5F

256
Q

What is the normal pulse rate for a horse?

A

45-60 beats per minute

257
Q

How is the heart rate measured?

A

By the number of time the heart beats in a given time

258
Q

What is the heart rate of an adult horse at rest?

A

25-45 beats per minute

259
Q

What is the maximum hear rate of the horse?

A

220-250 beats per minute

260
Q

What is the pulse rate of a horse with heat exhaustion?

A

50-100 beats per minute

261
Q

What is the body temperature of a horse with heat exhaustion?

A

105-109 F

262
Q

Which should be lower, the pulse rate or the respiration rate?

A

Respiration rate should be lower

263
Q

If the respiration rate is higher than the pulse rate it is known as what?

A

An inversion

264
Q

What are two linings of the hoof wall?

A

periople and stratum tectorium

265
Q

What does gingival refer to?

A

the gums of the mouth

266
Q

What is the name for the muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

267
Q

What artery supplies blood to the brain, head, and face?

A

Carotid artery

268
Q

What regulates sugar levels in the blood?

A

Insulin

269
Q

Where would you find the deep flexor tendon?

A

Running down the back of the cannon bone and pastors into the hoof where it runs underneath the Navicular bone and attaches to the Coffin bone

270
Q

What is the smallest blood vessel and what does it do?

A

Capillaries; connect the arteries and the veins

271
Q

What is a quarter crack and how do you fix it?

A

A vertical crack in the hoof in the quarter section, can be fixed by special shoeing, a clinch or special graving of the hoof

272
Q

Where are the canine teeth located?

A

The interdental space on the male horse

273
Q

What is the name for the 2 glands in front of the kidneys?

A

Adrenal glands

274
Q

What is anal atresia?

A

Blocked anus; foal born with no anal opening, hence no anal opening, hence no products of digestion may pass; surgical correction is rarely beneficial

275
Q

What are the turbinate bones?

A

Bones in the nasal passage that filter and warm the air that is inhaled

276
Q

Where are the fecal balls formed?

A

Small colon

277
Q

What does the thyroid regulate?

A

Controls metabolic rate and produces thyroxin

278
Q

What is a disadvantage to a thick neck?

A

Less flexible, more weight on the front end

279
Q

What is another name for the first and second phalanges?

A

Long and short pastern bones

280
Q

Define wry tail.

A

A tail that is carried to one side rather than being held straight

281
Q

Define articulation.

A

Junction between two or more bones; joints

282
Q

What is the artery that supplies blood to the eye?

A

ophthalmic artery

283
Q

What is gonitis?

A

Inflammation of the stifle joint

284
Q

What is a knocked down hip and why is it undesirable?

A

When one hip is lower than the other because of the fracture of the point of the hip on one side; undesirable because they develop lameness and have a hitching gait

285
Q

What is a term for the thickening and hardening of the skin due to friction?

A

Callus

286
Q

What is the name for spinal and brain fluid?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

287
Q

What is the term for being low in the withers with heavy shoulder muscling; having very little bone definition at the withers?

A

Mutten withers

288
Q

What is the dental star?

A

A star shape or circle like structure near the center of the wearing surface of the permanent incisors; used in judging age

289
Q

What artery supplies blood to the intestines?

A

Mesenteric artery

290
Q

The 3rd, 4th, and 5th thoracic vertebrae make up what part of the horse?

A

Withers

291
Q

What is the painful swelling of the knee joint called?

A

Carpitis

292
Q

What is the channel between the middle ear and nasopharynx that allows adjustment of the pressure of air int he cavity to equal the outside air pressure?

A

Eustachian Tube

293
Q

What is the name for the disk shaped bone that forms the ridge at the back of the knee?

A

Accessory carpal bone

294
Q

What is the name for the disease of the small bone of the horse’s foot?

A

Navicular

295
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

The funnel-shaped membrane that traps the egg when it is released from the follicle of the ovary

296
Q

What are the melanocytes?

A

Cells that are responsible for the production of melanin

297
Q

How do incisors change as the horse gets older?

A

They slant forward and outward more, and become triangular shaped

298
Q

What does light reflect off of in the eye?

A

Tapetum

299
Q

What is the congenital defect where the roof of the horse’s mouth is split and allows food to regurgitate into the nose?

A

Cleft plate

300
Q

What is the purpose of the laminae?

A

To connect the hoof wall to the coffin bone

301
Q

What does the term cathammed mean?

A

Having long and relatively thin thighs and legs

302
Q

What is the first vertebrae and what does it do?

A

Atlas; permits flexion and extension of the head and neck

303
Q

What is the name for wave like muscles contractions that move food esophagus and along the muscular walls of the intestine?

A

Perisalsis

304
Q

What is intestinal flora?

A

Bacteria and other micro-organisms normally residing in the intestines

305
Q

What does vesicular refer to?

A

Fluid filled sac

306
Q

Define subcutaneous?

A

Beneath the skin

307
Q

What are the two chambers that blood is pumped out of the heart?

A

Ventricle

308
Q

What is the fermentation vat?

A

Cecum

309
Q

What is carpitis?

A

Painful swelling of the knee

310
Q

What vein is involved in a blood spavin?

A

Saphenous vein

311
Q

What is the term for shrinking of the shoulder muscle?

A

Sweeny

312
Q

What is the term for a fluid filled sac that is situated in places where there is friction?

A

Bursa

313
Q

What are two things the lymph system does?

A

Collects fluid from between the cells and returns the to the bloodstream; helps to fight infection and maintaining fluid balance in the body

314
Q

Why is a thick neck and throat latch undesirable?

A

It lacks suppleness, balance, and mobility

315
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Membrane covering the bones

316
Q

What is gastric lipase?

A

An enzyme that helps digest fats into constituent fatty acids and glycerol

317
Q

What muscle contracts the lenses of the eye?

A

Ciliary muscle

318
Q

Give one purpose of the fallopian tubes?

A

Conduct the ova from the ovary to the uterus and are the cite of fertilization

319
Q

What is a green osselet?

A

Inflammation of the joint capsule of the fetlock joint

320
Q

What is a substance secreted by the stomach to activate pepsin and break down protein?

A

Hydrochloric acid

321
Q

What is deglutition?

A

The act of swallowing

322
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

the tough membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart

323
Q

What is the purpose of bile?

A

To assist in the digestion of fats and neutralize the acidic digesta from the stomach

324
Q

What is the large bone in the thigh?

A

Femur

325
Q

What is the carpus valgus?

A

Deformity of the knee when the cannon bone points away front he mid-line when viewed the fronts bow legged

326
Q

What is a corn?

A

A bruise to the soft tissue underlying the horny sole of the foot that manifests itself in a reddish discoloration of the sole immediately below the affected area; can cause serious lameness

327
Q

What are tactile hairs?

A

The hairs on the outside of the horse that helps the horse to distinguish between good an bad feed

328
Q

Where is the digital extensor tendon and what does it do?

A

It runs down the front of the leg, attaches to the coffin bone, it extends the leg forward

Horse Quiz Bowl (17 decks)

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