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pe > 3.1 Newton's laws of motion, force and the use of technology > Flashcards

3.1 Newton's laws of motion, force and the use of technology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Newton’s First Law

A

Law of Inertia

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2
Q

What does Newton’s First Law state

A

states that object will remain at rest/ in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force

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3
Q

What is Newton’s Second Law

A

Law of acceleration

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4
Q

What does Newton’s Second Law state

A

the acceleration of body is proportional to force causing it -> acceleration takes place in direction force ends

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5
Q

What is Newton’s Third Law

A

Law of Motion

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6
Q

What does Newton’s Third Law state

A

when one object exerts a force on a second object, there is equal and opposite force exerted by second object on the first

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7
Q

What is the formula for velocity

A

velocity = displacement/ time taken

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8
Q

What is the formula for momentum

A

momentum = mass x velocity

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9
Q

What is the formula for acceleration

A

acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time taken

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10
Q

What is the formula for force

A

force = mass x acceleration

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11
Q

What is a force

A

A push or a pull that tends to alter the state of motion of a body

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12
Q

Name the 2 types of force

A

Internal and external force

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13
Q

What is internal force

A

-generated by contraction of skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Give an example of an internal force

A

100m - contract rectus femoris - extend knee - drive away from the blocks

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15
Q

What is an external force

A

comes from OUTSIDE the body and acts upon it

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16
Q

What are the 5 effects of FORCE ?

A
  • create motion
  • accelerate a body
  • decelerate a body
  • changing the direction
  • changing the shape
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17
Q

What is net force

A

the sum of all forces acting on a body

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18
Q

what is a balanced force

A

when two or more forces acting on a body are equal in size and opposite in direction

-net force = 0
-body will remain at rest/ in motion eith constant velocity

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19
Q

what is an unbalanced force

A

when 2 forces are unequal in size & opposite in direction

-net force present

body changes state of motion- accelerating/ decelerating

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20
Q

Name the 2 vertical forces

A

-weight
-reaction

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21
Q

What is weight and what is it measured in

A

the gravitational pull the earth exerts on a body
-always present and acts downwards from bodys centre of mass
-measured in newtons

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22
Q

Give the formula for how weight is calcukated

A

weight (N) = mass x acceleration due to gravity

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23
Q

What is reaction and what is it measured in

A

equal and opposite force exerted by body in response to action force placed upon it

-always present when two bodies are in contact

-measured in Newtons

24
Q

Name the 2 horzionatl forces

A

-friction
-air resistance

25
Q

What is air resistance

A

force that opposes motion of a body travelling through the air

26
Q

Name 4 factors that affect air resistance

A

-velocity- increasing velocity increases air resistance
-shape- more aerodynmaic the shape, the lower the air resistance
-frontal cross- decreasing frontal cross, decreases air resistance
-smoothness of surface- improving smoothness of surface decreases air resistance

27
Q

Where does friction act from

A

point of contact

28
Q

What is the centre of mass

A

the point at which a body is balanced in all directions

29
Q

What is stability

A

The ability of a body to resist motion and remain at rest

30
Q

What 4 factors effect stability

A

-mass of body- greater mass, greater the inertia, greater the stability
-height of centre of mass- lower centre of mass, greater stability
-base of support- greater size of base of support, greater the stability
-line of gravity- more centra line of gravity to base of support, greater the stability

31
Q

How does the fosbury flop use centre of mass

A
  • uses j curve to allow greater velocity
  • plants outside leg to allow inside leg to lift, along with arms, at take off to raise the centre of mass as high as possible
  • fully extends spine to rotate around the bar moving the centre of mass outside of the body and below the bar. Only one section of body has to be above the bar at one time.

( centre of mass passes underneath the bar, fosbury flop requires less take off force to clear the same height as earlier techniques . when maximum force is generated at take-off greater heights can be achieved.)

32
Q

What is linear motion

A

straight line

33
Q

What is angular motion

A

rotation about a particular point (axis of rotation)

34
Q

Give an example of how you can maximise stability

A

-a sprinter crouching down in the blocks
-this gives low centre of mass
-base of support is large
-5 points of contact (two feet, two hands, one knee)

35
Q

Give an example of how you minimise stability

A

-when ‘set’ is called- sprinter lifts hips- raising centre of mass
-lifts one knee reducing points of contact
-leans forward shifting line of stability

36
Q

What are lever systems

A

the co-ordination of our bones and muscles, primarily to create human movement

37
Q

Name the two main functions of lever systems

A
  • to generate muscular effort to overcome a given load
  • to increase the speed of a given movement
38
Q

What are the 4 component parts of a lever system

A
  • lever
    -fulcrum
  • effort
  • load
39
Q

Give an example of a lever

A

a bone

40
Q

Give an example of a fulcrum

A

a joint

41
Q

Name the three types of lever system

A

-first-class levers
-second-class levers
-third-class levers

42
Q

Name the component order of first-class levers

A

-effort and load either side of fulcrum in middle

-E—–F—–L

43
Q

Name the component order of second-class levers

A

-effort and fulcrum either side of the load in middle

-E——L——F

44
Q

Name the component order of third-class levers

A

-load and fulcrum either side of effort in the middle

-L——-E——-F

45
Q

Give an example of first class levers in the body

A

extension of neck when preparing to head a football

46
Q

Give an example of second class levers in the body

A

ball of foot in take-off phase of a high-jump

47
Q

Give an example of third class levers in the body

A

flexion of elbow during bicep curl

48
Q

What is the distance from the fulcrum to the effort known as

A

effort arm

49
Q

What is the distance from the load to the fulcrum known as

A

load arm

50
Q

The greater the distance of the effort or load from the fulcrum …

A

the more significant the effort or load becomes

51
Q

What is a mechanical advantage

A

second class lever systems where the effort arm is greater than the load arm. a large load can be moved with a relatively small effort

52
Q

What is a mechanical disadvantage

A

third class lever systems where the load arm is greater than the effort arm. a large effort is required to move a relatively small load

53
Q

Name 3 types of technology you could use to analyse movement

A

-limb kinetics

-force plates

-wind tunnels

54
Q

What is limb kinetics

A

study of movement in relation to time and space

-3D records athlete peforming sporting action

-it analyses efficiency of movement

-this datas used to better performers technique

55
Q

What are force plates

A

measure ground reaction forces

-athletes balance, run, jump on force plates -> tells them size & direction of forces acting on athlete

-used for sports biomechanics assessment

56
Q

What are wind tunnels

A

-steel frame building, have wide fans -> producing artificial wind

-used to develop drag reduction system

pe (37 decks)

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