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pe > 4.5- Stages of learning, guidance, feedback > Flashcards

4.5- Stages of learning, guidance, feedback Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cognitive stage

A

-earliest stage of learning when performer understands what needs to be done

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2
Q

What often occurs in the cognitive stage

A

-lots of trial and error- trying out different movements

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3
Q

What is the teachers influence in the cognitive stage

A

-teachers may use demonstrations, methods of guidance

-

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4
Q

Give a practical example of cognitive stage of learning

A

-teaching a novice badminton player the correct technique for serving and highlight important points

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5
Q

What is stage 1 in the stages of learning

A

The Cognitive Stage

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6
Q

What is stage 2 in the stages of learning

A

The Associative Stage

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7
Q

What is the associative stage

A

-when performer practices and compares the movements produced with the mental image

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8
Q

What often occurs in the associative stage

A

leaner gradually becomes more aware oif inceasingly subtle and complex cues

  • vast improvement in performance occurs
  • motor programmes form
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9
Q

Give a practical example of the associative stage of learning

A
  • novice badminton player is more aware of what needs to be done for her serve
  • serve is more consistent and accurate
  • performer is correcting errors without a teachers help
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10
Q

What is the autonomous stage

A

-final stage of learning

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11
Q

What often occurs in the autonomous stage

A
  • mivements are becoming almost automatic with little conscious thought
  • distractions are ignored
  • performer is able to concentrate on descisions and strategies
  • motor programmes are formed
  • reaction time is short
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12
Q

Give a practical example of the autonomous stage of learning

A

badminton performer is now coniddent and can consistently perform accurate serves with minimum amount of thought

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13
Q

Name the 4 types of guidance

A
  • visual guidance
  • verbal guidance
  • mechanical guidance
  • manual guidance
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14
Q

What is visual guidance

A

when the learner watches a model/ video of someone performing the skill (demonstration to form mental image)

  • to be effective demonstration should be supported by verbal guidance
  • good at cognitive stage
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15
Q

Give an example of visual guidance

A

demonstration of pass in rugby

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16
Q

Name 2 advantages of visual guidance

A
  • enables skill to be seen in different stages- increases understanding
  • performer finds it easy to create a mental picture of what is required by the skill- so player can correct errors
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17
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of visual guidance

A
  • demonstration could be incorrect- performer develops bad habits
  • coach may not be able to show accurate demonstration
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18
Q

What is verbal guidance

A
  • learner is told what to do

- spoken instruction

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19
Q

Give an example of verbal guidance

A

telling player what tactics to use in a game

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20
Q

Name 2 advantages of verbal guidance

A
  • can be in the form of feedback- used to reinforce good movements- develops understanding
  • can hold attention of performer if used appropriately
  • good at autonomous stage
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21
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of verbal guidance

A
  • can lead to ‘information overload’- performer getting distracted/ confused
  • guidance given could be inaccurate
  • some skills are too complex for verbal guidance alone (e.g. somersault)
  • can be confusing at cognitive stage
22
Q

Give an example of manual guidance

A

-physical support during forehand shot in tennis

23
Q

What is mechanical guidance

A
  • learner uses equipment/ apparatus to help performance

- supporting body through the movement using apparatus to develop confidence

24
Q

What is mechanical guidance

A
  • learner uses equipment/ apparatus to help performance

- supporting body through the movement using apparatus to develop confidence

25
Q

Give an example of mechanical guidance

A

-using harness in trampolining when learning advanced/ dangerous moves

26
Q

Name 6 advantages of manual guidance

A
  • corrects errrors
  • can give performer greater sense of safety and help with their confidence
  • at autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills
  • gives feeling of movement and develops timing
  • effective at cognitive stage
  • may motivate younger people to pursue the sport
27
Q

Name 5 disadvantages of manual guidance

A
  • learners cannot correct errors for themselves
  • close proximity of coach could be uncomfortable for learners
  • ineffective if used for too long- learner can become too reliant
  • can be over-restrictive- performer may feel lack of control
  • can lead to false sense of kinaesthetic- performer not getting true sense of skill action
28
Q

Name 6 advantages of mechanical guidance

A
  • corrects errors
  • can give performer greater sense of safety and help with their confidence
  • at autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills
  • gives feeling of movement and develops timing
  • effective at cognitive stage
  • may motivate younger people to pursue the sport
29
Q

Name 5 disadvantages of mechanical guidance

A
  • learners cannot correct errors for themselves
  • ineffective if used for too long- learner can become too reliant
  • can be over-restrictive- performer may feel lack of control
  • can lead to false sense of kinaesthetic- performer not getting true sense of skill action
  • may develop false confidence
30
Q

What is intrinsic feedback

A

feedback that comes from within yourself through kinesthesis

often continuous in nature- arises from signals from proprioceptors found in muscles, ligaments, joints

helps autonomous performers correct movements during performance

31
Q

What is extrinsic feedback

A

feedback that comes from an external/ outside source (a coach)

can be positive or negative

used to support intrinsic feedback

good for cognitive performers

32
Q

What is positive feedback

A

feedback given about correct performance of a skill

can be intrinsic or extrinsic

used to reinforce correct action

33
Q

What is negative feedback

A

feedback given about incorrect performance of a skill

can be intrinsic or extrinsic

34
Q

What is knowledge of results feedback

A

feedback as a result of a skill

35
Q

What is knowledge of performance feedback

A

feedback about the quality of a performance, whether the technique was correct

36
Q

Name the 6 types of feedback

A
  • intrinsic feedback
  • extrinsic feedback
  • positive feedback
  • negative feedback
  • knowledge of results feedback
  • knowledge of performance feedback
37
Q

Name 5 advantages of intrinsic feedback

A
  • good at the autonomous stage
  • helps fluency of skill- performer can alter performance whilst doing it
  • allows performer to have more attentional space (less to think about) so has time to think about periperal stimuli
  • performer doesnt need to rely on others
  • movements can be corrected immediately
38
Q

Give an example of intrinsic feedback

A

-passing a ball inaccurately will

39
Q

Give an example of extrinsic feedback

A

-score a weak shot- coach gives you feedback on what you should do next time

40
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of intrinsic feedback

A
  • less effective at cognitive & associative stage- may not know correct feel of skill
  • can hinder learning if overused- may think was correct is incorrect
41
Q

Name 3 advantages of extrinsic feedback

A
  • good at cognitive & associative stage
  • helps learner understand what they are doing wrong
  • coach can be giving coaching points that may lead to improvement
42
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of extrinsic feedback

A
  • feedback from coaches could be inaccurate- can negatively affect performers performance
  • learner can become too dependent on this- less effective in developing kinesthesis- needed to reach autonomous stage
43
Q

Name 2 advantages of positive feedback

A
  • motivating

- helps build self-esteem and confidence

44
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of positive feedback

A

-some performers don’t respond well to too much praise- may ignore feedback- hinders performance and learning

45
Q

Name 2 advantages of negative feedback

A

-motivates some performers

-

46
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of negative feedback

A
  • demotivating

- may be detrimental to learning process if feedback is inaccurate

47
Q

Name 2 advantages of knowledge of results feedback

A
  • good at cognitive and associative stages- easy to see if movement was accurate or not
  • allows correction after movement or outcome of movement- good for ? skills as outcome/ result is the measure of success
48
Q

Name 2 advantages of knowledge of performance feedback

A
  • ideal at autonomous stage when kinesthetsis helps with technique
  • allows for quick correction during performance
  • very effective in some closed skills- enables technique t be adjusted
49
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of knowledge of results feedback

A
  • not as effective at autonomous stage- can only be used after movement has been completed- corrections cant be made during performance
  • not as effective in some closed skills- technique is often the measure of success
50
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of knowledge of performance feedback

A
  • less likely at cognitive stage
  • gained through experience- may take a long time to develop- long process may be demotivating- may prevent some learners from reaching autnomous stage
51
Q

How can a coach ensure feedback is effective

A
  • limit amount of info given- too much info overloads performer- points given should be specific, understood
  • timings of the feedback- should be given straight away after performance- when still fresh in memory
  • encourage them to develop kinesthesis/ intrinsic feedback- recognise for themselves- quality of their movements
  • related to the individual- can relate to it and are accountable in future actions

pe (37 decks)

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