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pe > 5.1 Individual Differences > Flashcards

5.1 Individual Differences Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of personality

A

the patterns of thoughts & feelings and the ways which we interact with our environment & others

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2
Q

Name characteristics of type A personalities

A

-highly competitive
-strong desire to succeed
-works fast
-likes to be in control
-prone to suffer stress

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3
Q

Name characteristics of type B personalities

A

-non competitive
-unambitious
-works more slwoly
-doesn’t enjoy being in control
-less prone to stress

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4
Q

What is the narrow band approach

A

it splits personalities into 2 types; type A & type B

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5
Q

Why is it beneficial for a coach to know if his players are type A or B personalities

A

makes a coaxh more aware of a players anxiety levels -> suggesting coping strategies

-

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6
Q

What is the stable and unstable personality trait apporach

A

stable personality trait -> unchangeable, constant -> someone who doesn’t swing from one emotion to another

unstable personalit trait -> changeable, unpredictable -> highly anxious

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7
Q

What is extroversion

A

-ppl who seek social situations, outgoing

-lacks concentration

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8
Q

What is introversion

A

-ppl who don’t seek situation, shy, quiet

-good at concentrating

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9
Q

What does the social learning theory of personality

A

suggests our personalities are shaped by those around us rather than inherited

-we learn from our role models; friends, family, coaches

-explains why we are like those significant to us

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10
Q

What does the interactionist theory of personality

A

approach recognises both trait theory & social learning theory have role in determining personality

-suggests we base behaviour on inherent traits then adapt to situs

e.g. sports person being shy off court, but loud on court

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11
Q

What is an attitude

A

a predisposition to act in a particular way towards an attitude object (person, situ)

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12
Q

Name 7 factors affectinjg attitude formation

A

-social groups develop attitudes
-peers
-religious beliefs
-role models
-cultural factors
-education
-media

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13
Q

Name the 3 components that make up an attitude through the triadic model of attitude (CAB)

A

1) cognitive component -> belief/ knowledge a person has about attitude object

2) affective component -> emotional aspect of an attitude -> good feeing?

3) behavioural component -> response/ behaviour towards attitude object

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14
Q

Give an example of the triadic model

A

cognitive component -> running helps to improve my cardiovascular system/running is good for me​

affective component -> I enjoy the physical feeling when I run/I enjoy running with my friend

behavioural component -> I believe running has fitness benefits and the activity is enjoyable - therefore I will run.

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15
Q

Name 5 factors that form positive attitudes

A

-belief in benefits of exercise
-enjoyable experiences in sport
-being good at a sport
-being excited by the challenges of sport
-using sport as stress release

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16
Q

Name 5 factors that form negative attitudes

A

-not believing in benefits of exercise
-bad past experince
-lack of ability
-fear of taking part
-sport causing stress

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17
Q

Name the 3 components of the triadic model

A

-cognitive component
-affective componennt
-behavioural component

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18
Q

Name 2 methods of changing attitudes

A

-persuasive communication
-cognitive dissonance

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19
Q

What is persuasive cokmmunication

A

an active, non-coercive attempt to reinforce/ change attitude of others

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20
Q

The effectveness of persuasion depends on what 3 things

A

-perusader -> person needs to have importance to the person they are persuading

-message -> must be clear, accurate, believable

-recipient -> recipient must want to change their attitude

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21
Q

Give an example of cognitive dissonance

A

rugby player believes aerobics is too girlie

-coach tells him some of the fittest ppl do aerobics to improve stamina

-changes players attiutde

-player now does aerobics

22
Q

What is cognitive dissonance

A

situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours

e.g. rugby player thinks aerobic is girlie -> coach tells him some of fittest ppl do aerobics -> causes change in attitude -> he does aerobics

23
Q

What is aggression

A

Any behaviour that is intended to harm outside the rules of the sports event

24
Q

What is assertion

A

Forceful behaviour within the laws of the event

25
Q

Name the 4 theories of aggression

A

-instinct theory of aggression
-frustation-aggression hypothesis
-social learning theory
-aggressive cue hypothesis

26
Q

What is the instinct theory of aggression

A

-views aggression as being natural response, instinctive

-been important part of evolutionary development of our species -> surviva;

-Lorenz believed that _aggression__ needs to be released, either through an antisocial act or via more __acceptable__ behaviour, such as a sports competition.

27
Q

What is the aggressive cue hypothesiss

A

-for aggression to occur certain stimuli must be present

-these stimuli are cues for the performer subconsciously linked to aggression (hockey stick)

-frustration -> arousal, anger -> creates readiness for aggression

28
Q

What is the social learning theory of aggression

A

-bandura states we learn to be aggressive in sport if we see significant others being agressive

-disputes idea that we have natural agressive drives towards goals

-

29
Q

What is an optimistic view in aggression

A

the idea that if sports ppl can learn aggressive behaviour, they can also learn non-agressive tendancies

30
Q

What is self actualisation

A

individuals desire to explore & understand the world -> can grow and reach their potential

31
Q

What is arousal

A

energised state/ readiness for action

-that motivates us to behave in a particular way

32
Q

What is motivation

A

internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse & direct our behaviour

33
Q

Name 3 considerations motivation has

A

-inner drive towards achieving a goal

-external pressures & rewards we perceive

-intensity (arousal lvl) & direction of behaviour

34
Q

What is drive

A

driected, motivated behaviour an individual has towards achieveing a certain goal

35
Q

Name the 2 types of motivation

A

intrinsic -> drive from within

extrinisc -> comes from outside source -> trophy/ rewards

36
Q

Name the 2 types of arousal

A

-somatic -> changing physilogical state of body (^ HR)

-cognitive -> changing psychological state of body (^ anxiety)

37
Q

Name the 3 theories of arousal

A

-drive theory
-inverted U theory
-catastrophe theory

38
Q

What is the drive theory

A

linear relationship between performance & arousal -> performance ^ as arousal does

-low arousal -> low performance
-high arousal -> high performance

39
Q

Key points of the drive theory

A

-motor programmes already learned are the dominant response

-dominant response -> more likely to occur when arousal ^

40
Q

How does the experience of the performer differ in the drive theory

A

-^ arousal = beneficial for experts -> dominant behaviour -> tend to produce a response thats fluent

-opposite for a novice learner

41
Q

What does the inverted U theory state

A

arousal improves performance to an optimum level

-past this point performance begins to decrease

42
Q

How can under-arousal negatively affect performance

A

-difficult to direct & focus attention

-concentration = lost -> attentional field- too wide

-info overload - prevents decision making

43
Q

How can optimum arousal benefit performance

A

-performer able to learn, concdentrate

-^ capacity to concentrate -> most important cues absorbed

-more accurate decision amking

44
Q

How can over-arousal negatively affect performance

A

-relevant environmental cues are lost

-concentration is impacted

-

45
Q

Name the persoanlity type of those who can cope in a high arousal situation and those who cope better in low arousal states

A

-extrovert

-introvert

46
Q

Name the 3 types of skill that are better performed with high arousal and 3 types of skills better performed with low arousal

A

gross, simple, closed

fine, complex, open

47
Q

Name the 3 types of skill that are better performed with high arousal and 3 types of skills better performed with low arousal

A

gross, simple, closed

fine, complex, open

48
Q

Explain the castastrophe theory

A

as arousal ^ performace ^

-but performance reaches max potential at optimum lvl only if cognitive arousal anxiety = low

49
Q

What is anxiety

A

negative aspect of experiencing stress

-caused by worry, apprehension or fear of failure

50
Q

What is state anxiety

A

anxiety felt in a particular situation

51
Q

Name the 2 types of state anxiety

A

-somatic- body’s response

-cognitive- psychological worry over the situ

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