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Psychology A-level > Behaviourist Approach > Flashcards

Behaviourist Approach Flashcards

1
Q

INTRO - When did the behaviourist approach emerge

A

beginning of 20th century

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2
Q

INTRO - Why did the behaviourist approach emerge and who was it pioneered by

A

as a reponse to criticisms of Wilhem Wundt

pionereed by John Watson

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3
Q

INTRO - What did the behaviorist approach do to the first half of the 20th century

A

dominated it

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4
Q

INTRO - what did the behaviourist approach reject and why

A

Introspection

as concepts too vague/ unmeasurable

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5
Q

INTRO - what is the behaviourist approach credited with developing

A

psychology as a scientific discipline

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6
Q

ASSUMPTIONS - what doe behaviourists say were all born with

A
  • all born with blank slate (tabula rasa) } all bhviours learned from interaction with the enviro (experiences )
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7
Q

ASSUMPTIONS - what do behaviourists believe you should only study and what no to study

A

only study observable and measurable behaviour

not mental processes ( which is why rejected work of Wundt)

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8
Q

ASSUMPTIONS - what did behaviourists highlight the importance of

A

control & objectivity through using lab studies

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9
Q

ASSUMPTIONS- what do behaviourists suggest about humans and animals

A

learn in same way so therefore advocate use animals in research ( all animals replaced humans)

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10
Q

ASSUMPTIONS - What do behaviourists say all learning occurs through?

A

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

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11
Q

CC - define classical conditionning

A

learning through association of the unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus to get a conditioned response

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12
Q

CC - who was classical conditioning first demonstrated by

A

Ivan Pavlov

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13
Q

CC - What is an unconditioned stimmulus

A

something that makes us react instinctivley

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14
Q

CC - What is a unconditioned response

A

unlearned repsonse that occurs naturally in reaction to the US

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15
Q

CC- What is a conditioned response

A

learned response that triggers same response as an US

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16
Q

CC - What is a conditioned stimuli

A

previously NS that after beocming associated with the US eventually comes to trigger a repsonse

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17
Q

CC - Explain Classical Conditioning

A

we learn to associate previously NS with stimulus that already produces a repsones (US).
Through regular pairing NS becomes a CS producing a new learned response (CR)

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18
Q

PAVLOVS DOGS - What happened before conditioning

A

The food ( US ) produced repsones of dogs salivating (UR)

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19
Q

PAVLOVS DOGS - What happened before conditioning (bell)

A

Bell (NS ) produced response of no salivation (no CS)

20
Q

PAVLOVS DOGS - What happened during conditioning

A

bell(NS) paired with food (US) and response was saliavtion(UR)

21
Q

PAVLOVS DOGS - What happened after conditioning

A

Bell (CS) produced response of salivation (CR)

22
Q

PAVLOVS DOGS - Describe Pavlovs Dogs

A

used dogs to test theory

noticed when dogs presented with food (US) they salivate (UR) bio response

So proceeded present dog w food at same time as ringing bell(NS)

Overtime through repeated pairing , dogs associated sound of bell w food . NS presented with US at same time resulting in dogs drooling @ sound of bell even when no food present

23
Q

PAVLOVS DOGS - through pavlovls dogs experiment what was pavlov able to demonstrate

A

repeated exposure to event leads to a learned & uncontrollable behaviour

24
Q

Describe Little Albert

A

conditioned baby to fear yt rats

intro rat(NS) into room and everytime baby noticed rat banged hammer (US) on metal pipe frightening (UR) Albert

Then A cried (CR) when rat introduced even w/o loud bang

Albert learned to associate loud noise with rat & become afraid of rat

25
Q

What is a Neutral Stimulus

A

doesnt do anything

26
Q

OC - what is operant conditioning

A

Learning through consequences

27
Q

OC - Who pioneered operant conditioning

A

BF Skinner

28
Q

OC - What are the three types of consequences that affect behaviour

A

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment

29
Q

OC - Define reinforcement

A

consequence of behaviour that increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated

can be positive or negative

30
Q

OC - Define Positive Reinforcement

A

Anything that has effect of increasing likelihood of behaviour

being repeated

by adding a pleasant consequence

31
Q

OC - Give example of Positive Reinforcement

A

sweets to a kid for cleaning their room

32
Q

OC - Define Negative Reinforcement

A

Anything that has effect of increasing likelihood of behaviour being repeated by / removing unpleasant consequence

33
Q

OC - give example of negative reinforcement

A

taking aspirin for headache

34
Q

OC - in other word what is negative reinforcement

A

behaviour makes something unpleasnat go away

35
Q

OC - What is punishment

A

anything that has effect of decreasing likelihood of behaviour being repeated as consequences unpleasant when they happen/applied.

36
Q

OC - give an example of punishment

A

slaping a kid for acting up

37
Q

OC - statement

behaviour reinforced …… behaviour punished

A

Behaviour reinforced will be repeated and learned whereas behaviour punished will die out

38
Q

OC - how to remener difference between negative reinforcement

A

negative reinforcement is taking away (-) hence the word negative and its a reward

punishment is adding something bad

39
Q

OC - What did skinner used to conduct research

A

Rats

40
Q

OC - Describe Skinners Rats

A

happened in a skinner box

rat move around cage when accidentally press lever they rewarded w pellet of food

Through reinforcement rat learned each time pressed lever - rewarded w food (+ve reinforcement)

Also electricity on the bottom so could test punishment too

Instead of food when you press lever rat got an electric shock so learned not ot press lever anymore as punishment means behaviour dies out

41
Q

EVALUATION - counterargument point - STRENGTH

scientific credibility

A

SCIENTIFIC CREDIBILITY

BA based on well controlled research as behaviourists focused on measurement of observable behaviour within highly controlled lab settings

By breaking behaviour to basic stimulus repsonse units all possible extraneous variables removed allowing cause and effect relationships , ser established (Skinner able clearly demo how RNFCMT influenced animals bhviour)

Suggesting bhv experi high scientific credibility . this helped psychology gained cred as a scientific discipline which was significant .

42
Q

EVALUATION - counterpoint - argument

bhvst oversimplified learning process by reducing behaviour 2 such simple components

A

bhvst oversimplified learning process by reducing behaviour 2 such simple components

ignored important influence on learning - human thought

prob as other approaches (SLT + COG) draw attention to mental processes involved in learning & their importances

suggests learning more complex than observable bhviour alone can account for & priv mental processes also essential part of pic

but bhv dont wanna study priv mental processes as cant see them - discredits validity of the approach

43
Q

EVALUATION - whats one point you cna always say if approach scientific (lab studies)

A
  • highly controlled lab settings - High IV - indicates strength of RSRCH MTHD used + further ensures validity of the approach
44
Q

EVALUATION - strength - real life application

A
  • OC formed basis of token economy systems used institutions e.g prisons /psych hospitals

people rewarded 4 appropriate/desirable behaviour which can then be exchanged4 rewards/priveleges

idea being thell want to repeat + learn behaviour to get rewards
BENEFICIAL AS HELPS ENCOURAGE +VE BEHAVIOUR MAKING SOCIETY BETTER/SAFER PLACE

-CC made important contributions to understanding of mental illnesses

many phobias result of unpleasnat learning experiences

this understanding help psychologists to develop therapies such as SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION that attempt to re-condition patient’s fear response
BENEFICIAL AS IMPROVE MENTAL HEALTH /SANITY

45
Q

EVALUATION - Limitation

Animal studies

A

-although animals in rsrch gives experimenters > control over process w/o demand charcteristics/ individual differences influencing results

some think unethical use them in experiments as less concern about protection from harrm for non human subjects - subject to horrific enviro , some euthenised at end , particularly in the time of skinner+ PAV

  • argued findings from animal studies not generalisable to HB (so Skinners operant conditioning theory may provide understanding of rat/dog bhv but little about human bhviour as just because animal does it doesnt mean HB will)
46
Q

EVALUATION - State the positives of Behaviourism

A
  • scientific credibility

- real life application in institutions (improving behaviour ) and mental health (improving sanity)

47
Q

EVALUATION - State the negatives of Behaviourism

A
  • behaviourists oversimplified learning process by reducing learning to such simple components (CAL)

Psychology A-level (87 decks)

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