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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch9 Joints > Flashcards

Ch9 Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint (articulation)?

A

Point where 2 bones meet

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2
Q

Define arthrology

A

Science of joints

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3
Q

Define kinesiology

A

Study of musculoskeletal movement

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4
Q

How are joints classified?

A
  • How adjacent bones are bound (anatomy)
  • How freely bones can move (physiology)
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5
Q

What are the 4 major joint categories (anatomy)?

A
  • Bony joints
  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
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6
Q

Define bony joints

A

Gap between 2 bone ossifies, bone becomes (in effect) single bone

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7
Q

What’s an example of bony joints?

A

Frontal and mandibular bones in infants

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8
Q

What is the physiology of bony joints?

A

Synostosis- immovable joint

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9
Q

Fibrous joints are bound by…

A

Collagen fibers

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of collagen fibers fibrous joints are bound by?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Gomphoses
  3. Syndesmoses
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11
Q

Collagen fiber sutures bind bones of…

A

Skull

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12
Q

Collagen fiber gomphoses bind ___ and is held by ______ which allows _____.

A

Collagen fiber gomphoses bind TOOTH IN SOCKET and is held by FIBROUS PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT which allows TOOTH TO MOVE A LITTLE UNDER STRESS OF CHEWING.

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13
Q

Collagen fiber syndesmoses is bound by ____ and has ____ collagen fibers so it has ______.

A

Collagen fiber syndesmoses is bound by TIBIA/FIBULA and has LONGER collagen fibers so it has A BIT MORE MOBILITY.

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14
Q

What is the physiology of fibrous joints?

A

Synarthroses- immovable or ever-so-slightly movable

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15
Q

Cartilaginous joints are bound by…

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Bound by: cartilage

Types= Synchondroses & Symphyses

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16
Q

Cartilaginous joint synchondroses is bound by…

A

Hyaline cartilage

  • first rib/sternum
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17
Q

Cartilaginous joint symphyses is bound by…

A

Fibrocartilage

  • intevertebral discs
  • pubic symphysis
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18
Q

What is the physiology of cartilaginous joints?

A

Physiology= mostly amphiarthroses- slightly moveable

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19
Q

Synovial joints are separated by…

most ____ type of joint

most ____ complex

What are examples?

A

Synovial joints are separated by: joint CAVITY

most FAMILAR type of joint

most STRUCTURALLY complex

Ex) knee, elbow, knuckle

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20
Q

Synovial joints

________ encloses joint cavity

  • continuous with ___________
  • lined by….
A

Synovial joints

ARTICULAR CAPSULE encloses joint cavity

  • continuous with PERIOSTEUM
  • lined by SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
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21
Q

Define synovial fluid

A

Slippery fluid; feeds cartilages

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22
Q

Define articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces

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23
Q

With synovial joints, explain what articular discs and menisci do and examples of them

A
  • Absorbs shock, guides bone movement, distributes forces
    ex) jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular, & knee joints
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24
Q

With synovial joints, explain what the bursae does and examples of them

A
  • Cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over joints
    ex) fibrous sacs with synovial fluid, where tendon passes over bone
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25
Q

With synovial joints, explain what tendon sheaths are and examples of them

A
  • Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around tendon
    ex) in hand and foot
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26
Q

What is the physiology of synovial joints?

A

Physiology: diarthroses - freely movable joint

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27
Q

What is a lever?

A

Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around fixed point called fulcrum

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28
Q

When does the rotation (around fixed point (fulcrum) occur?

A

Rotation occurs when effort applied overcomes resistance (load) at other point

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29
Q

Long bones are levers to…

A

Levers to enhance speed or power of limb movements

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30
Q

What is mechanical advantage?

A

Ratio of its output force to its input force

31
Q

How do you calculate MA?

A

Length of effort arm divided by length of resistance arm

32
Q

A lever can confer MA in what 2 ways?

A
  1. Exert more force against resisting object than force applied to lever
  2. Move resisting object further or faster than effort arm is moved
33
Q

MA > 1.0

A

Lever produces more force, but less speed and distance, than force exerted on it

34
Q

MA < 1.0

MA < 1.0

A

Lever produces more speed or distance, but less force than input

35
Q

What are the different types of levers?

A
  1. First-class lever
  2. Second-class lever
  3. Third-class lever
36
Q

First-class lever

  • ______ in middle, between _____ and ______ (RFE)
  • ___________ joint lies between ________ on back of _____ and _______ of face
  • Loss of _________ occurs when you nod off in class
A

First-class lever

  • FULCRUM in middle, between EFFORT and RESISTANCE (RFE)
  • ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL joint lies between MUSCLES on back of NECK and WEIGHT of face
  • Loss of MUSCLE TONE occurs when you nod off in class
37
Q

Second-class lever

  • Resistance between _____ and _____ (ERF)
  • Bouncy baby on lap: _______= hip joint, effort just below the knee where quads insert, _____ on femur= baby
A

Second-class lever

  • Resistance between FULCRUM and EFFORT (ERF)
  • Bouncy baby on lap: FULCRUM= hip joint, effort just below the knee where quads insert, RESISTANCE on femur= baby
38
Q

Third-class lever

  • Effort between ______ and ______ (REF)
  • Most joints of _____
  • _____ applied by biceps muscle to forearm between elbow joint and weight of hand + forearm (_____ flexion)
A

Third-class lever

  • Effort between RESISTANCE and FULCRUM (REF)
  • Most joints of BODY
  • EFFORT applied by biceps muscle to forearm between elbow joint and weight of hand + forearm (ELBOW flexion)
39
Q

Define range of motion (ROM)

A

Degree through which joint can move

40
Q

ROM is determined by…

A
  • Structure of articular surfaces
  • Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
  • Action of muscles and tendons
41
Q

Axes of rotation

________ has relatively stationary __________ that passes through _______ in direction ______ to plane of ________

A

Axes of rotation

MOVING BONE has relatively stationary AXIS OF ROTATION that passes through BONE in direction PERPENDICULAR to plane of MOVEMENT

42
Q

Axes of rotation

Define multiaxial joint

A

Shoulder joint has 3 axes of rotation (degrees of freedom)

43
Q
A
44
Q

Define:

  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Hyperextension
A
  • Flexion: decreases joint angle
  • Extension: straightens joint; usually returns body part to zero position
  • Hyperextension: further extension of joint beyond zero position
45
Q

Describe the temporomandibular (jaw) joint (TMJ)

A
  • Articulation of condyle of mandible with mandibular fossa (temporal bone)
  • 2 chambers in cavity allow lateral/medial excursion
46
Q

Jaw Joint

What supports jaw joint and what cause dislocation of TMJ?

A
  • 2 ligaments support jaw joint
  • Deep yawn or strenuous depression can dislocate TMJ
47
Q

The glenohumeral joint is also known as…

A

Humeroscapular joint

48
Q

The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint is the…

  • Most _______ joint
  • Sacrifice ______

Supported by…

  • ______ of biceps _______ and _________
  • various _________
A

The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint is the…

  • Most FREELY MOVABLE joint
  • Sacrifice STABILITY

Supported by…

  • TENDONS of biceps BRACHII and ROTATOR CUFF
  • various LIGAMENTS
49
Q

Shoulder Dislocation

  • occurs when…
  • are…
A
  • occurs when arm abducted, receives blow from above
  • are painful
50
Q

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

A
51
Q

What is the most common shoulder dislocation?

A

Downward displacement of humerus

52
Q

The hip joint is also knows as the _______.

  • It’s the head of ________ into _______ of ________
  • It bears _______, has ________ and more ______ than _______
A

The hip joint is also knows as the COXAL.

  • It’s the head of FEMUR into ACETABULUM of PELVIS
  • It bears MORE WEIGHT, has DEEPER SOCKETS and more STABLE than SHOULDER
53
Q

The tibiofemoral joint is also known as the…

  • It is the _____ and most __________ of body
  • It is primarily a ______ joint
  • Can _______ & _______ when knee flexed
A

The tibiofemoral joint is also known as the…

KNEE JOINT

  • It is the LARGEST and most COMPLEX DIARTHROSIS of body
  • It is primarily a HINGE joint
  • Can SLIGHTLY ROTATE & LATERALLY GLIDE when knee flexed
54
Q

Knee Joint

  • Joint cavity contains __________ cartilages (__________ and _________ meniscus)
  • The _________ and ________ meniscus absorbs _______ on knee
  • Prevents _______ from rocking __________ on _________
  • Joined by ____________
A

Knee Joint

  • Joint cavity contains 2 C-SHAPED cartilages (LATERAL and MEDIAL meniscus)
  • The LATERAL and MEDIAL meniscus absorbs SHOCK on knee
  • Prevents FEMUR from rocking SIDE TO SIDE on TIBIA
  • Joined by TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT
55
Q

The elbow joint is composed of ________

  • humeroulnar joint=
  • humeroradial joint=
A

The elbow joint is composed of 2 ARTICULATIONS

  • humeroulnar joint= HINGE
  • humeroradial joint= PIVOT
56
Q

Knee Joint

  • Popliteal region is supported by __________ ligaments external to ___________
  • _________ (lateral) _______ ligament

and

  • ______ (medial) ______ ligament
  • Prevents knee from ________ when joint ________
A

Knee Joint

  • Popliteal region is supported by EXTRACAPSULAR ligaments external to JOINT CAPSULE
  • FIBULAR (lateral) COLLATERAL ligament

and

  • TIBIA (medial) COLLATERAL ligament
  • Prevents knee from ROTATING when joint EXTENDED
57
Q
A
58
Q

Knee Joint

  • 2 deep ___________ ligaments - ______ to form “X”
  • ____________ ligament (ACL) - prevents _________
  • ____________ ligament (PCL) - prevents _________
A

Knee Joint

  • 2 deep INTRACAPSULAR ligaments - CROSS to form “X”
  • ANTERIOR CRUCIATE ligament (ACL) - prevents HYPEREXTENSION
  • POSTERIOR CRUCIATE ligament (PCL) - prevents FEMUR FROM SLIDING OFF TIBIA
59
Q

Knee Injuries

  • Highly _______ to ___________ and ________ stress
  • Most common injuries: ____________ and ___________
  • Heals ________ due to __________
A

Knee Injuries

  • Highly VULNERABLE to ROTATIONAL and HORIZONTAL stress
  • Most common injuries: MENISCUS and ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (ACL)
  • Heals SLOWLY due to SCANT BLOOD FLOW
60
Q

Define arthritis

A

Broad term for pain/inflammation of joint

61
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)- _______ form of arthritis

  • ”___________” - years of joint wear
  • __________ softens and degenerates
  • Crackling sounds called ________
  • ________ develop on ________ tissue causing _______
A

Osteoarthritis (OA)- MOST COMMON form of arthritis

  • ”WEAR AND TEAR ARTHRITIS” - years of joint wear
  • ARTICULAR CARTILAGE softens and degenerates
  • Crackling sounds called CREPITUS
  • BONE SPURS develop on EXPOSED BONE tissue causing PAIN
62
Q
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - ___________ against joint _______
  • ____________ antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack ___________ membrane, enzymes in _________ fluid degrade _________, joint begins to _________
  • Ankylosis - solidly ______, _________ joint …….. __________ occur, _______ and _______ control __________
  • Arthroplasty- replacement of __________ joint with __________ device called ____________
A
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - AUTOIMMUNE ATTACK against joint TISSUES
  • MISGUIDED antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack SYNOVIAL membrane, enzymes in SYNOVIAL fluid degrade ARTICULAR CARTILAGE, joint begins to OSSIFY
  • Ankylosis - solidly FUSED, IMMOBILIZED joint …….. REMISSIONS occur, STEROIDS and ASPIRIN control INFLAMMATION
  • Arthroplasty- replacement of DISEASED joint with ARTIFICIAL device called PROSTHESIS
63
Q

What movement is being shown?

A
64
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65
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66
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71
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72
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73
Q

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Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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