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Nursing > AP Ch 9 > Flashcards

AP Ch 9 Flashcards

1
Q

(know) axons carry impulses away from the neuron cell bodies and dendrites carry impulses to the neuron cell bodies

A

…

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2
Q

___ carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. They are also called afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons

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3
Q

___ carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord. They only conduct impulses to two kinds of tissue, muscle and glandular epithelial tissue. They are also called efferent neurons

A

motor neurons

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4
Q

___ conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. They also connect with each other to form complex, central networks of nerve fibers. They are sometimes called Central or Connecting neurons

A

interneurons

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5
Q

The 3 main functions of glia

A 
#1 hold functions neurons together and protect them
#2 Regulation of neuron function
#3 bring the various functions of nervous tissue together into a coordinated whole
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6
Q

___ attach to neurons and to small blood vessels, holding these structures close to each other

A

astrocytes

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7
Q

___ separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect vital brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be in the blood

A

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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8
Q

___ remain stationary, but in inflamed or degenerating brain tissue, they enlarge, move about, and acts as a microbe-eating scavengers. They surround the microbes, draw them into their cytoplasm, and digest them. They likewise help to clean up cell damage resulting from injury or disease

A

Microglia

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9
Q

___ holds nerve fibers together and produces the fatty myelin sheath that envelops nerve fibers located in the brain and spinal cord.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

neurons with myelin-wrapped axons

A

myelinated fibers

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11
Q

gaps between adjacent Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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12
Q

The outer wrapped layer of a Schwann cell

A

neurilemma

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13
Q

a group of peripheral nerve fibers (axons) bundled together like the strands of a cable

A

nerve

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14
Q

groups of wrapped axons

A

fasicles

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15
Q

covers the whole nerve

A

epineurium

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16
Q

___ form the white matter of the brain and spinal cord

A

tracts

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17
Q

brain and spinal cord tissue composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites

A

grey matter

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18
Q

nerve impulses

A

action potentials

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19
Q

basic type of neuron pathway

A

reflex arc

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20
Q

two-neuron arc consists of which neurons?

A

sensory and motor

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21
Q

three-neuron arcs consist of what neurons?

A

sensory, interneurons, and motor

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22
Q

a three-neuron arc reaction

A

withdrawal reflex

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23
Q

a group of nerve-cell bodies located in the PNS

A

ganglion

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24
Q

excitatory or inhibitory; regulates parasympathetic effectors; involved in memory

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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25
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory; regulates sympathetic effectors, involved in emotional responses

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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26
Q

mostly inhibitory; regulates motor control; involved in emotions and moods

A

Dopamine

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27
Q

Mostly inhibitory; involved in sleep, emotions, and moods

A

serotonin

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28
Q

mostly inhibitory; involved in blocking pain

A

endorphins and enkephalins

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29
Q

signal from presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron

A

nitric oxide (NO)

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30
Q

What are the 4 major divisions of the brain

A 
#1 brainstem
#2 cerebellum
#3 diencephalon
#4 cerebrum
31
Q

What are the 3 divisions the brainstem consists of

A 
#1 medulla oblongata
#2 pons
#3 midbrain
32
Q

What are the 3 divisions the Diencephalon consists of

A 
#1 Hypothalamus
#2 Thalamus
#3 Pineal Gland
33
Q

In the brainstem, small bits of gray matter mix closely and intricately with white matter to form the ___

A

reticular formation

34
Q

What are the 4 functions of the Thalamus

A 
#1 relays sensory information
#2 associates sensations with emotions
#3 regulates level of consciousness
#4 participates in motor reflexes
35
Q

(know) the outside of the cerebrum contains ridges called Convolutions or Gyri and groves called Sulci

A

…

36
Q

islands of grey matter whose functioning is essential for producing automatic movements and postures

A

basal nuclei or basal ganglia

37
Q

Two-way conduction pathway between the spinal cord and higher brain centers; cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control center

A

Medulla oblongata

38
Q

Two-way conduction pathway between areas of the brain and other regions of the body; influences respiration

A

Pons

39
Q

Two-way conduction pathway; relay for visual and auditory impulses

A

Midbrain

40
Q

Muscle coordination; maintenance of equilibrium and posture

A

cerebellum

41
Q

regulation of body temperature, water balance, sleep-cycle control, appetite, and sexual arousal

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

sensory relay station from various body areas to cerebral cortex; emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms

A

thalamus

43
Q

adjusts output of melatonin in response to changes in external light, to keep the body’s internal clock on time

A

pineal gland

44
Q

sensory perception, emotions, willed movements, consciousness, and memory

A

cerebrum

45
Q

conducts impulses up the spinal cord to the brain

A

ascending tract

46
Q

conducts impulses down the spinal cord from the brain

A

descending tracts

47
Q

tough, fluid-cushioned set of membranes

A

meninges

48
Q

What are the 3 layers of spinal meninges

A 
#1 dura mater (outer)
#2 pia mater (inner)
#3 arachnoid mater (between dura and pia)
49
Q

fluid fills the subarachnoid spaces between the pia mater and arachnoid in the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called ___

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

50
Q

CSF forms continually from fluid filtering out of the blood in a network of brain capillaries known as the ___ and into the ventricles

A

Choroid plexus

51
Q

Conducts impulses from nose to brain. Main function: sense of smell

A

olfactory

52
Q

conducts impulses from eye to brain. Main function: vision

A

optic

53
Q

Conducts impulses from brain to eye muscles. Main function: eye movements

A

oculomotor

54
Q

Conducts impulses from brain to external eye muscles. Main function: eye movements

A

trochlear and abducens

55
Q

conducts impulses from skin and mucous membrane of head and from teeth to brain; also from brain to chewing muscles. Main function: sensations of face, scalp, and teeth; chewing movements.

A

trigeminal

56
Q

Conducts impulses from taste buds of tongue to brain; from brain to face muscles. Main function: sense of taste; contraction of muscles of facial expression

A

facial

57
Q

conducts impulses from ear to brain. Main function: hearing; sense of balance

A

vestibulocochlear

58
Q

conducts impulses from throat and taste buds of tongue to brain; also from brain to throat muscles and salivary glands. Main functions: sensations of throat, taste, swallowing movements, secretion of saliva

A

glossopharyngeal

59
Q

Conducts impulses from throat, larynx, and organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities to brain; also from brain to muscles of throat and to organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities. Main functions: sensations of throat and larynx and of thoracic and abdominal organs; swallowing, voice production, slowing of heartbeat, acceleration of peristalsis (gut movements)

A

vagus

60
Q

conducts impulses from brain to certain shoulder and neck muscles. Main functions: shoulder movements; turning movements of head

A

accessory

61
Q

conducts impulses from brain to muscles of tongue. Main function: tongue movements

A

hypoglossal

62
Q

(know) nerve impulses are also called actin potentials because each one is a difference in charge (called electrical potential) that usually triggers an action by the cell— in this case, transmission of the impulse itself. If the traveling impulse encounters a section of membrane covered with insulating myelin, it simply jumps around the myelin to the next gap in the myelin sheath. Called saltatory conduction, this type of impulse travel is much faster than is possible in nonmyelinated sections

A

…

63
Q

located in several areas of CNS; PNS neuromuscular junction; ANS and visceral effectors

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

64
Q

Located in several areas of the CNS; sympathetic division of the ANS

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

65
Q

Located in the brain; ANS

A

dopamine

66
Q

located in several areas of the CNS

A

serotonin

67
Q

located in several areas of the CNS; retina; intestinal tract

A

endorphins and enkephalins

68
Q

located in several regions of the nervous system

A

nitric oxide (NO)

69
Q

the brainstem consists of : (3)

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

70
Q

(know) functions of the cerebellum are to produce smooth coordinated movements, maintain equilibrium, and sustain normal postures

A

…

71
Q

(know) the hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of water balance, sleep cycles, and the control of appetite and many emotions involved in pleasure, fear, anger, sexual arousal, and pain

A

…

72
Q

(know) the pineal gland receives sensory information about the strength of light seen by the eyes and adjusts its output of the hormone melatonin.

A

…

73
Q

(know) melatonin is known as the “time keeping hormone” because it helps to keep the body’s clock “one time” with the daily, month, and seasonal cycles of sunlight and moonlight

A

…

74
Q

(know) major cerebral functions are consciousness, thinking, memory, sensations, emotions, and willed movements.

A

…

Nursing (79 decks)

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