1.1 The structure and functions of the musculo-skeletal system

Question 1

What is the musculo-skeletal system made up of?

Answer 1

Muscles and bones

Question 2

Name the 5 functions of the skeleton

Answer 2

1. Protection of vital organs
2. Muscle attachment
3. Joints for movement
4. Platelet, red and white blood cell production
5. Storage of calcium and phosphorus

Question 3

How does the skeleton protect vital organs in sport?

Answer 3

The hard bones of the skeleton protect vital organs from being damaged. For example if a ball hits a person’s chest the ribs protect the heart and lungs

Question 4

Give two examples of bones that protect vital organs

Answer 4

Cranium protects the brain

Ribs protect the heart and lungs

Question 5

Why is it important the skeleton allows muscle attachment?

Answer 5

Muscles need to attach to bones (via tendons) so that when they contract movement can occur

Question 6

How does the skeleton’s function of ‘joints for movement’ aide a sports performer?

Answer 6

Where two bones meet a joint is formed.
When the muscle attached to the bones (via a tendon) contracts it pulls on the bones. Where the bones form the join, movement occurs.

Question 7

Why is it important for a person to have a good store of calcium and phosphorus?

Answer 7

Both these minerals help to keep bones strong and healthy. Strong and healthy bones are needed for exercise.

Question 8

Red blood cells are needed for…

Answer 8

Carrying oxygen around the body

Question 9

White blood cells are needed for…

Answer 9

Helping the body fight infection

Question 10

Platelets are needed for…

Answer 10

Clotting the blood. It is platelets that form a scab when you cut yourself

Question 11

There are 4 different classification of bones. What are they?

Answer 11

1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular

Question 12

What is the main characteristic of a long bone?

Answer 12

Longer than they are wide

Question 13

What is the main characteristic of a short bone?

Answer 13

Roughly the same size in length, width and thickness

Question 14

What is the main characteristic of a flat bone?

Answer 14

Thin and flat

Question 15

What is the main characteristic of an irregular bone?

Answer 15

Oddly shaped

Question 16

What is the main function of a long bone in sport?

Answer 16

Acts as a lever to create movement

Question 17

What is the main function of a short bone in sport?

Answer 17

Weight bearing and shock absorbing

Question 18

What is the main function of a flat bone?

Answer 18

Muscle attachment

Provide protection

Question 19

What is the main function of an irregular bone?

Answer 19

Provide protection

Specific function - vertebrae allow head to nod and rotate

Question 20

Name three long bones

Answer 20

Femur
Phalanges
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Tibia
Fibula

Question 21

Name two short bones

Answer 21

Carpals (wrist)

Tarsals (foot)

Question 22

Name three flat bones

Answer 22

Cranium
Patella
Scapula
Sternum
Clavicle

Question 23

Name the main group of irregular bones

Answer 23

Vertebrae

Question 24

How many bones is the vertebral column consist of?

Answer 24

33

Question 25

How many bones are in the cervical region of the vertebral column?

Answer 25

7

Question 26

How many bones are in the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

Answer 26

12

Question 27

How many bones are in the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

Answer 27

5

Question 28

How many bones are in the sacrum?

Answer 28

5

Question 29

How many bones make up the coccyx

Answer 29

4

Question 30

What is the function of the cervical region of the vertebral column?

Answer 30

It is the neck and allows a range of different movements such as looking side to side and up and down

Question 31

What is the function of the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

Answer 31

Raise the ribs when you breathe to allow lungs to fill with air

Question 32

What is the function of the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

Answer 32

The gaps between the bones are relatively large which allows greater movement

Question 33

What is the function sacrum region of the vertebral column?

Answer 33

Bones are fussed together and works with the pelivs

Question 34

What is a joint?

Answer 34

Where two or more bones meet and therefore movement can occur

Question 35

Name the four different types of joints

Answer 35

1. Hinge 2. Ball and socket 3. Pivot 4. Condyloid

Question 36

Name the 1 pivot joint in the body

Answer 36

Neck - atlas and axis

Question 37

Name the 3 hinge joints in the body

Answer 37

Elbow Knee Ankle

Question 38

Name the 2 ball and socket joints in the body

Answer 38

Shoulder | Hip

Question 39

Name the 1 condyloid joint in the body

Answer 39

Wrist

Question 40

What movements are possible at a hinge joint?

Answer 40

Flexion | Extension

Question 41

What movements are possible at a ball and socket joint?

Answer 41

``` Flexion Extension Rotation Adduction Abduction Circumduction ```

Question 42

What movements are possible at a condyloid joint?

Answer 42

Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction

Question 43

What movement is possible at a pivot joint?

Answer 43

Rotation

Question 44

Flexion is...

Answer 44

A bending movement where the angle of the joint is decreased

Question 45

Extension is...

Answer 45

A straightening movement where the angle of the joint is increased

Question 46

Dorsi flexion is...

Answer 46

Movement at the ankle where the toes are moving towards the tibia

Question 47

Plantar-flexion is...

Answer 47

Movement at the ankle where the toes are being moved downwards. Often seen as the pointing of toes

Question 48

Adduction is...

Answer 48

Movement where the part of the body is being moved towards the body

Question 49

Abduction is...

Answer 49

Movement where the part of the body is being moved away from the body

Question 50

Rotation is...

Answer 50

Movement all around a single point

Question 51

Bones are connected together by...

Answer 51

Ligaments

Question 52

Muscles are connected to bones by...

Answer 52

Tendons

Question 53

What is the main role of a ligament

Answer 53

To stabilise a joint

Question 54

Ligaments and tendons can be injured. How does this usually happen?

Answer 54

They are not very stretchy so a sudden movement can cause them to tear.

Question 55

Do tendon injuries usually happen suddenly or over a long period of time?

Answer 55

The injury will feel sudden but is often the result of tiny tears the tendon has picked up over time

Question 56

Why does it take so long for ligament and tendon injuries to heal

Answer 56

There isn't much blood flow through them

Question 57

Name the three types of muscle

Answer 57

Involuntary Voluntary Cardiac

Question 58

Where are involuntary muscles found?

Answer 58

In blood vessels

Question 59

Where are voluntary muscles found?

Answer 59

Skeletal muscles such as the hamstring and bicep

Question 60

Where is cardiac muscle found?

Answer 60

The muscle that forms the heart

Question 61

What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

Answer 61

Involuntary muscles contract without conscious control. We don't realise we are doing it. Voluntary muscles contract when we decide we want them to.

Question 62

What is meant by an antagonistic pair of muscles?

Answer 62

Two muscle that work together. When one contracts, the other relaxes.

Question 63

Name the four antagonistic pairs of muscles you need to know?

Answer 63

Bicep and Tricep Hamstring and Quadricep Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior Hip Flexor and Gluteals

Question 64

Which muscle works antagonistically with the bicep?

Answer 64

Tricep

Question 65

Which muscle works antagonistically with the tricep?

Answer 65

Bicep

Question 66

Which muscle works antagonistically with the hamstring?

Answer 66

Quadriceps

Question 67

Which muscle works antagonistically with the quadriceps

Answer 67

Hamstring

Question 68

Which muscle works antagonistically with the hip flexor

Answer 68

Gluteals

Question 69

Which muscle works antagonistically with the gluteals

Answer 69

Hip flexor

Question 70

Which muscle works antagonistically with the tibialis anterior

Answer 70

Gastrocnemius

Question 71

Which muscle works antagonistically with the gastrocnemius

Answer 71

Tibialis anterior

Question 72

What movement is caused when the bicep contracts?

Answer 72

Flexion at the elbow

Question 73

What movement is caused when the triceps contracts?

Answer 73

Extension at the elbow

Question 74

What movement is caused when the deltoid contracts?

Answer 74

Moves the shoulder. Abduction and rotation

Question 75

What movement is caused when the Pectoralis major contracts?

Answer 75

Adducts the arm at the shoulder

Question 76

What movement is caused when the Latissimus dorsi contracts?

Answer 76

Adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder

Question 77

What movement is caused when the gluteals contract?

Answer 77

Extend the leg at the hip

Question 78

What movement is caused when the hip flexors contract?

Answer 78

Flex the leg at the hip

Question 79

What movement is caused when the quadriceps contract?

Answer 79

Extension at the knee

Question 80

What movement is caused when the hamstrings contract?

Answer 80

Flexion at the knee

Question 81

What movement is caused when the gastrocnemius contracts?

Answer 81

Plantar-flexion at the ankle

Question 82

What movement is caused when the tibialis anterior contracts?

Answer 82

Dorsi-flexion at the ankle

Question 83

What are the two muscle fibre types?

Answer 83

Fast twitch | Slow twitch

Question 84

What is the other name for slow twitch muscle fibres?

Answer 84

Type 1

Question 85

What is the other name for fast twitch much fibres?

Answer 85

Type 2

Question 86

There are two types of fast twitch muscle fibres. What are they?

Answer 86

Type IIa | Type IIx

Question 87

What sort of exercise are type 1/slow twitch muscle fibres suited to?

Answer 87

Low intensity exercise e.g. marathon running

Question 88

What sort of exercise are type IIa muscle fibres suited to?

Answer 88

Anaerobic exercise. Can be improved through endurance training to increase how long they can be used for

Question 89

What sort of exercise are type IIx muscle fibres suited to?

Answer 89

Very high intensity exercise. They create the greatest amount of force of all muscle fibre types. They fatigue very quickly.

Question 90

Name 2 sports where having a large number of type I muscle fibres would be beneficial

Answer 90

Marathon running | Long distance cycling

Question 91

Name 2 sports where having a large number of type IIa muscle fibre types would be beneficial

Answer 91

400m sprint | Short distance swimming

Question 92

Name 2 sports where having a large number of type IIx muscle fibre types would be beenficial

Answer 92

Long Jump | Volleyball - jumping to play a shot