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VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses > Inflammation of the External and Middle Ear > Flashcards

Inflammation of the External and Middle Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Give some examples of primary causes of otitis externa and media (8)

A
  • Infectious (ectoparasites, fungal, viral)
  • Foreign bodies
  • Hypersensitivity disorders
  • Keratinisation disorders (endocrinopathies)
  • Obstruction (neoplasia, polyps, cysts)
  • Immune-mediated skin diseases (puppy strangles)
  • Trauma
  • Sunburn
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2
Q

What are the common parasites of the outer and middle ear? (4)

A
  • Otodectes cynotis
  • Demodex spp.
  • Sarcoptiform mites
  • Neotrombicula autumnalis
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3
Q
A

Otodectes cynotis

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4
Q

Where is otodectes cynotis most common? (5)

A
  • More common in cats - causes 50% of otitis cases
  • Less common in dogs
  • Mites not always found - can have them in small no. and can be destroyed by secondary infection / inflammation
  • Common in ferrets
  • Contagion in multi-pet households
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5
Q

How do mites like otodectes cynotis cause disease? (3)

A

Cause hypersensitivity reaction:

  • Type I = cytokine-mediated inflammation (eosinophils, neutrophils)
  • Type III = complement and Fc receptor-mediated recruitment and activation of leucocytes
  • Leads to dark brown coffee-ground to moist exudate
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6
Q
A

Demodex canis

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7
Q
A

Demodex canis / cati

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8
Q

What is demodex canis / cati and how does it cause disease? (6)

A
  • Obligate parasites that complete their life cycle on the host
  • Localised demodicosis
  • Mites may be found in cerumen in generalised demodicosis cases
  • Causes lymphocytic mural folliculitis - affects follicle
  • Inflammation around hair follicle
  • Spectrum - inflammation within hair follicle -> furunculosis (hair follicle ruptures)
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9
Q
A

Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis - mites found on deep skin scrapes - burrowing mite

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10
Q

What are the different sarcoptiform mites in different species? (4)

A
  • Sarcoptes scabiei (dog)
  • Notoedres cati (cat)
  • Psoroptes spp (rabbit, horse, sheep)
  • Notoedres spp (rodents)
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11
Q

How do sarcoptiform lead to otitis externa and media? (7)

A
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12
Q

What are neotrombicula autumnalis? (4)

A
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13
Q

What do foreign bodies usually involve? (3)

A
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14
Q

What are the different primary causes of hypersensitivity / allergy of otitis externa/media? (3)

A
  • Atopy
  • Cutaneous Adverse Food Reaction (CAFR)
  • Contact Hypersensitivity
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15
Q

Where is atopy located and how is it diagnosed?

A
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16
Q

What is cutaneous adverse food reaction (CAFR)? (3)

A
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17
Q

What is contact hypersensitivity and what are some examples? (3)

A
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18
Q

What are keratinisation disorders due to? (3)

A
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19
Q
A
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20
Q

What are the disorders of growth that cause otitis externa/media? (6)

A
  • Feline ceruminous gland hyperplasia (ceruminous cystomatosis)
  • Feline nasopharyngeal (inflammatory) polyp
  • Neoplasia
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21
Q

How does obstructive ear disease lead to otitis and give an example and gross morphological findings? (6)

A
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22
Q
A
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23
Q
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24
Q

What is feline nasopharyngeal (inflammatory) polyp, where does it originate from and what are the causes? (4)

A
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25
Q

How does neoplasia lead to obstructive ear disease? (4)

A
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26
Q
A
27
Q
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28
Q

Give some examples of external and middle ear tumours (6)

A
29
Q

What are the different immune-mediated diseases that cause otitis externa/media? (3)

A
  • Pemphigus foliaceus
  • Cutaneous vasculitis
  • Puppy strangles
30
Q

What is vesicular and pustular dermatitis and what are the causes? (4)

A
31
Q

What is pemphigus foliaceus? (3)

A
32
Q

What is cutaneous vasculitis and how does it cause otitis externa/media and what are its causes? (6)

A
33
Q

What is canine juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis (Puppy strangles)? (3)

A
34
Q
A

Canine juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis (puppy strangles)

35
Q
A
36
Q

What is dermatophytosis, which species is it seen in and what lesions does it produce? (4)

A
37
Q

What is canine distemper virus and what lesions does it produce? (3)

A
38
Q
A

Aural haematoma

39
Q

What is an aural haematoma caused by? (4)

A
40
Q
A

Squamous cell carcinoma - due to actinic dermatitis

41
Q

What is actinic dermatitis and what does it cause and the lesions produced? (3)

A
42
Q

Give examples of secondary causes of otitis externa/media. (3)

A
  • Bacteria (opportunistic)
  • Yeast (opportunistic)
  • Treatment effects - irritant reaction to topical medication, iatrogenic overcleaning.
43
Q
A
44
Q

Which bacteria colonise 2y to inflammation? (gram positive and negative) (7)

A
45
Q

What are biofilms? (3)

A
46
Q
A

Malassezia dermatitis

47
Q

What is Malassezia dermatitis? (3)

A
48
Q

What are the treatment effects that are secondary causes of otitis externa/media? (3)

A
49
Q

What are the perpetuating factors of otitis externa/media? (prevent resolution + inc risk of recurrence) (5)

A
  • Progressive pathologic changes - tympanic membrane alterations
  • Equine aural plaques
  • Microorganisms
  • Inappropriate treatment
  • Otitis media
50
Q
A
51
Q

What are the different progressive pathologic changes of the outer and middle ear? (Epidermal, ear canal, glandular, peri-cartilaginous connective tissue) (8)

A
52
Q
A
53
Q

What is otitis media? (7)

A
  • Often extension of otitis externa
  • 1^y otitis media e.g. in CKCS - primary secretory otitis (similar in humans)
  • Otitis media 2^y to respiratory infections - infects middle ear via eustachian tube
    • Most common in cats, rabbits + guinea pigs
    • Common cause = Pasturella multocida
  • V. difficult to treat as usually have intact tympanic mem
  • Inflammation/foreign material within middle ear can have metaplasia of epithelium lining middle ear canal -> inc mucus production = recurring problem
54
Q

What are the types of guttural pouch disease? (3)

A
55
Q
A
56
Q

What are equine aural plaques (ear pinna papilloma), what are the lesions and clinical signs? (3)

A
57
Q

Give examples of predisposing factors of otitis externa/media. (5)

A
  • Anatomic configuration/conformation
  • Excessive moisture
  • Excessive cerumen production/accumulation
  • Treatment effects
  • Systemic disease (immunosuppression, FeLV, FIV, FIP)
58
Q

Which breed of dog is predisposed to ear disease?

A

Shar pei

59
Q

What are the different conformation predisposing factors of otitis? (3)

A
60
Q

What activity predisposes to ear infections?

A

Swimming

61
Q

How does excessive moisture lead to ear infections? (2)

A
62
Q

What is the systemic approach to otitis external? (7 steps to carry out diagnosis)

A
63
Q

What is the systemic approach to otitis media? (7)

A

VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses (36 decks)

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