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VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses > Adrenal Gland Pathology > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Primary regulatory control and secretory products of zona glomerulosa

A

Renin-angiotension, aldosterone (Na^+, H2O retention, K^+ secretion)

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2
Q

Primary regulatory control and secretory products of zona fasciculata

A

ACTH, CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone), cortisol secreted

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3
Q

Primary regulatory control and secretory products of zona reticularis

A

ACTH, CRH, sex hormones (e.g. androgens) secreted

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4
Q

Primary regulatory control and secretory products of chromaffin cells

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibres, catecholamines (epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine)

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5
Q

Summary of layers of adrenal gland and hormones secreted

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6
Q

Outline the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis feedback loops

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7
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Adjacent to kidneys + close to blood vv., hard for tumour removal surgery + can be occluded

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8
Q

Degenerative changes of the adrenal cortex (2)

A
  • Amyloidosis
  • Mineralisation
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9
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A
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10
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11
Q

Types of amyloidosis (not examinable)

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12
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13
Q

Types of circulatory disturbances of adrenal cortex (2)

A
  • Haemorrhage
  • Infarction
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14
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A
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15
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16
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17
Q

Mechanisms of toxicity of the adrenal cortex (3)

A
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18
Q

Disorders of growth of the adrenal cortex (4)

A
  • Developmental malformations
  • Atrophy
  • Nodular hyperplasia
  • Neoplasia - adenoma, carcinoma
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19
Q

Developmental findings of the adrenal cortex (3)

A
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20
Q
A

Grossly, adrenal cortex to medulla ratio should be 1:1

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21
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22
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23
Q

Compare and contrast nodular hyperplasia and adenomas (6)

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24
Q
A
25
Q

What are the types of hyperadrenocorticism? (4)

A
26
Q

Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism - adrenal gland gross pathology

A

Bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia (+ mass) - ACTH in bloodstream - both glands

27
Q

Adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism - adrenal gland gross pathology

A

Bilateral adrenocortical atrophy (+ mass) - compensation

28
Q

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism - adrenal gland gross pathology

A

Bilateral adrenocortical atrophy (+ history of corticosteroid use), no tumour

29
Q

Ectopic ACTH secretion - adrenal gland gross pathology

A

Bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia, no tumour

30
Q
A

Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism

31
Q
A

Adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism

32
Q
A

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism

33
Q
A

Ectopic ACTH secretion

34
Q
A
35
Q

Clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism (8)

A
  • Excess cortisol -> inc stress
  • Common in middle-aged dogs
  • Poodles and Boston terriers predisposed
  • Immunosuppressed
  • Pot-belled/get fat - inc protein catabolism, glycolysis + glucose production
  • 5 Ps!
36
Q
A
37
Q

What is calcinosis cutis?

A

Accumulation of calcium salt crystals in skin - calcification of degenerate collagen, localised (dystrophic)

38
Q
A
39
Q

Difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification

A
40
Q
A
41
Q

What clinical pathological changes are induced by corticosteroid release? (6)

A
  • Stress leucogram (‘LEMoN’, LE = dec leucocytes, N = inc neutrophils) - lymphopoenia, eosinopenia, neutrophilia + monocytosis (dogs)
  • Stress hyperglycaemia
  • Hypercortisolism
  • Inc ALP (alkaline phosphotase)
  • Lipaemia + hypercholestrolaemia
  • Hypercoagulable state
42
Q

Diagnostic tests that differentiate pituitary and adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (4)

A
  • LDDS = low-dose dexamethasone suppression testing
  • HDDS = high-dose dexamethasone suppression
43
Q

What are the pathogenic mechanisms of cortisol excess in dogs? (5)

A
44
Q
A
45
Q
A

Rare in cats, mostly pituitary-dependent, thin fragile skin, curling of tips of ear pinna

46
Q
A
  • Excess glucocorticosteroid production + excess sex steroids
  • Functional adrenal gland hyperplasia, adenomas or adenocarcinomas
  • May be related to neutering at an early age
  • Middle age (3-4 years)
  • Hair loss - begins in tail and progresses toward front to completely bald
  • Swollen vulva in spayed females
  • Straining to urinate (enlarged prostate)
  • Thinning of skin, muscle wasting + pot-bellied appearance in long-term disease
47
Q

What are the different types of hypoadrenocorticism and which part of the adrenal gland is affect? (3)

A
48
Q

What are the non-specific clinical findings of hypoadrenocorticism? (5)

A
49
Q

Function of mineralocorticoids in the body

A

Aldosterone (goes to kidneys) - Na^+ + H2O retention, K^+ secretion (-ive feedback loop), H^+ secretion

50
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism pathogenesis (1^y + 2^y)

A
51
Q

Additional diagnostic tests for hypoadrenocorticism (3)

A
52
Q

What is hyperaldosteronism? (2)

A
53
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A
54
Q

What are phaeochromocytomas? (4)

A
  • Neoplasm of the adrenal medullary secretory cells
  • Rare; mostly seen in dogs and cattle
  • May be benign or malignant - invasion of adjacent vessels - vena cava common with malignant form
  • May secrete catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
    • Hypertension - spontaneous haemorrhage, glomerulopathy
    • Tachycardia
    • Anxiety, restlessness
55
Q
A
56
Q
A

Malignant - invasion of the caudal vena cava

VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses (36 decks)

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