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VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses > Key Terminology & Definitions - EYE > Flashcards

Key Terminology & Definitions - EYE Flashcards

1
Q

Fundus

A

Interior surface of the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole.

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2
Q

Tigroid fundus

A

Normal fundus to which a deeply pigmented choroid gives the appearance of dark polygonal areas between the choroidal vessels, especially in the periphery.

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3
Q

Adnexal structures

A

Structures related to the eye, external to the globe - eyelids, nictitating membrane (third eyelid), lacrimal + accessory glands

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4
Q

Entropion

A

Internal rolling in of eyelid

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5
Q

Ectropion

A

External rolling out of the eyelid

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6
Q

Trichiasis

A

Eyelashes grow inwards toward the eye + rub against the cornea, the conjunctiva, and the inner surface of the eyelid, more than one misdirected cilia (congenital defect)

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7
Q

Distichia

A

Abnormal hairs arising from the Meibomian gland and exiting out of the eyelid margin

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8
Q

Ectopic cilia

A

Abnormal hairs arising from the Meibomian gland but exiting out of the palpebral conjunctiva, common in dogs

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9
Q

Trichomegaly

A

Excessively large cilia

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10
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of the eyelids +/- conjunctivitis - general/local

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11
Q

Meibomian glands

A

Run along inside of conjunctiva (sebaceous glands)

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12
Q

Chalazion/meibomianitis

A

Sterile granulomatous inflammation in response to the leakage of Meibomian secretion

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13
Q

Sty

A

Suppurative inflammation of the adnexal glands

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14
Q

Prolapsed third eyelid

A

Also known as cherry eye - pathognomic appearance, due to loosening of / congenital laxity in connective tissue anchoring the nictitans gland to the cartilage of the third eyelid - gland moves

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15
Q

Immune-mediated keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)

A

Body recognises self-antigens in lacrimal gland -> dry eye

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16
Q

Schirmer tear test (STT)

A

Diagnostic in dogs for immune-mediated keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), checks tear production

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17
Q

Dacryoadenitis

A

Inflammation of lacrimal gland - result from involvement in orbital cellulitis/orbital trauma from severe intraocular inflammation/incidental involvement in systemic disease

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18
Q

Retained spectacles

A

When spectacle doesn’t come off w/ reptile’s shed skin

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19
Q

Does the cornea have blood vessels?

A

No = no leucocytes, can’t truly undergo primary inflammation

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20
Q

Corneal oedema

A

Hazy blue-white material on lesion

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21
Q

Corneal endothelium function

A

Pumps fluid from cornea into anterior chamber, against osmotic gradient - wants to maintain partly dehydrated state of cornea to maintain transparency

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22
Q

Limbal disease

A

Occurs rapidly after injury - results from imbibition of lacrimal water through damage corneal epithelium absorption of anterior chamber water at site of endothelium or failure of pump

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23
Q

Red corneal opacity

A

Blood vessels

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24
Q

Blue corneal opacity

A

Oedema (water)

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25
Q

Crystalline white corneal opacity

A

Lipid

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26
Q

Black corneal opacity

A

Pigment

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27
Q

Corneal ulceration

A

Loss of epithelium - can have loss of stroma + Descemet’s membrane -> interaction of growth factors, leucocytes, cytokines within epithelium, stroma

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28
Q

Normal corneal epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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29
Q

Kerato-

A

Cornea

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30
Q

Malacia

A

Abnormal softening of a biological tissue

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31
Q

Keratomalacia

A

Melting ulcer

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32
Q

Descemetocele

A

Stromal liquefaction that reaches Descemet’s membrane -> forward bulging of Descemet’s membrane, can heal with fibrin plugs from aq humour

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33
Q

Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1)

A

Most common cause of superficial corneal ulcers in cats = infectious (dogs = non-infectious)

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34
Q

Corneal sequestrum

A

A piece of cornea that has died off and is taking on a brownish discolouration.

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35
Q

Spontaneous Chronic Corneal Epithelial Deficit (SCCED)

A

Clinical syndrome - distinctive, characterised by shallow central corneal erosion w/ scant oedema, no vascularisation initially

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36
Q

Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM)

A

Failure of anterior chamber - goes from fibrovascular mesenchyme to atrophy; persistence of membranous tissues (connective tissues + blood vessels not regressed completely) (congenital disease)

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37
Q

Uveal cysts

A

Fluid accumulation within iris or ciliary body - common in old dogs, less common in old cats, seen in horses

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38
Q

Hypopyon

A

Inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of the eye. It is an exudate rich in white blood cells, seen in the anterior chamber, usually accompanied by redness of the conjunctiva and the underlying episclera. (Purulent material)

39
Q

Uveitis

A

Inflammation of uveal tract (iris. ciliary body, choroid), results from ocular trauma, noxious chemicals, infectious agents, neoplasia/immunologic events

40
Q

Blepharospasm

A

Twitching of eye

41
Q

Synechiae

A

Adhesions that are formed between adjacent structures within the eye usually as a result of inflammation - could be adhesion of iris to cornea

42
Q

Hyphaema

A

Collection of blood inside front of eye between cornea and iris - bleeding within eye, indicates breakdown of blood-aqueous barrier

43
Q

Miosis

A

Contraction of pupil stimulated due to inflammatory mediators within the eye

44
Q

Aqueous flare

A

Serous effusion - particles (proteins) within anterior chamber that shouldn’t be there, light picks up the particles and reflects the back

45
Q

Serous uveitis

A

Protein-rich fluid exudation, sometimes with fibrin, immigration of neutrophils in the iris.
Protein-rich fluid readily percolates (filters) through the loose stroma to enter the anterior chamber ->aqueous flare.

46
Q

Suppurative uveitis

A

Reflects a bacterial pathogenesis.
Usually bilateral when it is a reflection of haematogenous localisation.
Can see clumps of material adhering to the corneal endothelium as keratic precipitates or settling eventually as hypopyon (inflammatory cells within anterior chamber), so you can see clumps of neutrophils in there.

47
Q

Granulomatous uveitis

A

Characterised by granulomatous inflammation and lymphoplasmacytic uveitis. Most common type of uveitis encountered in enucleated globes

48
Q

Rubeosis iridis

A

Abnormal neovascularisation of iris

49
Q

Endophthalmitis

A

Purulent inflammation of the intraocular fluids (vitreous and aqueous) usually due to infection - of the retina (inner layers + chambers)

50
Q

Immune privilege

A

Limited local immune and inflammatory responses to preserve vision. Body doesn’t react to antigens

51
Q

Glaucoma

A

Pathophysiologic state characterised by an increase in intraocular pressure sufficient to cause functionally significant injury to the optic nerve and retina (flow of fluid through ciliary body + out through trabecular meshwork)
= Decreased drainage of fluid

52
Q

Buphthalmia

A

(Buphalos/megaloglobus) Increased globe size, occurs with corneal stretching -> rents in Descemet’s membrane due to inc in pressure, visible as corneal striae

53
Q

Len subluxation/luxation

A

Lens can’t bulge so comes loose/dislocated w/ enlarged eye

54
Q

Phthisis bulbi

A

Pressure-induced atophy of ciliary processes -> dec aqueous production -> dec globe size

55
Q

Scleral thinning

A

Eye is getting bigger + stretching -> sclera stretches + thins

56
Q

Hypotony

A

Low intraocular pressure (IOP)

57
Q

Mydriasis

A

Dilated/larger pupil

58
Q

Cupping of optic disc

A

Pathogonomic lesion of glaucoma (its absence doesn’t rule out glaucoma)

59
Q

Primary glaucoma

A

Open/normal angle (human glaucoma) or narrow/closed angle (veterinary patients) - due to pectinate ligament dysplasia

60
Q

Secondary glaucoma

A

Blockage somewhere along aqueous humour pathway

61
Q

Iris bombe

A

Bowing of iris due to collection of aqueous humour in posterior chamber (secondary glaucoma)

62
Q

Pectinate ligament dysplasia

A

Abnormal arrangement of pectinate fibres, if angle >75% = inc risk of developing glaucoma/passing it to the next generation

63
Q

Microphakia

A

Small lens

64
Q

Senile nuclear sclerosis

A

Arises with age - continual production of lens epithelial cells leading to compression of lens nucleus, nucleus appears blue/grey

65
Q

Cataracts

A

An opacification of the normally optically clear lens or its capsule, most common disorder of lens

66
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial displacement of lens, from hyaloid fossa or central visual axis

67
Q

Luxation

A

Total displacement from hyaloid fossa into the anterior chamber vitreous - lens may damage the corneal endothelium/vitreous -? oedema + liquefaction

68
Q

Retinal detachment

A

Separation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the neurosensory retina (photoreceptors) by cleaving its photoreceptors from their interdigitations w/retinal pigment epithelium (developmental condition)

69
Q

Coloboma

A

Area of hypoplasia = hole/hollowed out in one of the structures of the eye, such as the iris, retina, choroid, or optic disc

70
Q

Collie eye anomaly/choroidal hypoplasia

A

Abnormal mesodermal differential due to deletion of NEHJ-1 gene, optic nerve head coloboma, retinal detachment + posterior segment haemorrhage (developmental condition)

71
Q

Retinal degeneration

A

Extensive loss + thinning of outer plexiform layer -> blending of two nuclear layers

72
Q

Chorioretinitis

A

Unlikely to have inflammation of the retina without having inflammation of the choroid

73
Q

Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome

A

Enigmatic (mysterious), rapidly progressing, photoreceptor degeneration - histologically identical to inherited progressive retinal atrophies, rapid photoreceptor apoptosis -> loss of vision, dogs between 6-9 years, more common in females

74
Q

Chalazions

A

Glands within adenoma burst + see accumulation of macrophages + lipid association (meibomian gland becomes blocked)

75
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Arises from conjunctive epithelium of limbus, third eyelid in cattle, horses, cats + dogs, develops through premalignant stages epidermal plaques and papilloma (from actinic dermatitis) - carcinoma in situ -> invasive carcinoma, fully developed carcinoma invades across BM

76
Q

Benign melanocytoma

A

Originate in the skin at the eyelid margin, deep within the limbus, in the anterior uvea + within the choroid

77
Q

Locally invasive + potentially metastatic melanomas

A

Occur in the conjunctiva, rarely within the anterior uvea

78
Q

Ophthalmia

A

Globe of eye too large = indicator of glaucoma

79
Q

Corneal endothelium

A

Epithelial layer responsible for maintaining the dehydration of the cornea when the epithelial layer is injured due to uveitis/glaucoma/direct injuries/genetic malfunctions -? cornea becomes oedematous -> haze/opacity

80
Q

Keratitis

A

Presence of inflammatory cells within cornea

81
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Long, spindle/mesenchymal cells of corneal stroma

82
Q

Goniodysgenesis

A

Cocker Spaniels predisposed (autosomal-recessive condition) - associated with defective drainage angle (pectinate ligament never rarified to the point that it should be in development) -> 1^y glaucoma

83
Q

Lamina cribrosa

A

Band of eosinophilic fibres within the optic nerve head

84
Q

Optic nerve head

A

One of the most senstive places in globe - when aq drainage is impeded, pressure pushes on delicate neural tissue + starts to cavitate inflammatory cells activated from microglial cells (residents of CNS), start to phagocytes tissue, optic nerve head cup (pretty much pathognomic of glaucoma)

85
Q

Ciliary body

A

Functions to hold up the lens, should be triangular on histo

86
Q

Limbus

A

Junction of peripheral cornea and anterior sclera

87
Q

Diffuse iris melanoma

A

Most common primary occular neoplasm in cat + common cause of secondary glaucoma

88
Q

Cortical cataract

A

Lamellar pattern on cortex - fibres have become liquefied - have less fibres degenerate + cause an opacity if they aren’t perfectly arranged + healthy (can’t stay clear)

89
Q

Nuclear cataract

A

Similar histologically to cortical cataract but harder to identify

90
Q

Subcapsular cataracts

A

Migration/proliferation of cells along lens/posterior capsule where they shouldn’t be, may even deposit fibrous matrix in some cases

91
Q

Panophthalmitis

A

When all layers of eye including fibrous tunic + orbit are affected

92
Q

Morgadnian globule

A

Lesion of cataracts - when lens fibres swell + become more distinct + individualised. If identified with a nucleus = bladder cells

93
Q

Corpora nigra

A

Normal structures within the horse’s eye, are seen suspended from the pupil margin. They are believed to be involved in reducing glare from bright light to improve the horse’s vision.

VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses (36 decks)

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