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DAT Biology > Chapter 11.3 - Human Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 11.3 - Human Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

leukocytes

A

type of white blood cells

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2
Q

lymphocytes

A

type of leukocytes that originate from the bone marrow, concentrate in the lymphatic organs

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3
Q

B and T cells are examples of:

A

lymphocytes

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4
Q

Barriers found in the body

A
  1. skin
  2. cilia
  3. stomach acid
  4. symbiotic bacteria
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5
Q

Layers of skin that prevent pathogens from entering

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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6
Q

Purpose of mucous membranes

A
  1. traps pathogens that enter if they get past the skin

2. secrete lysozymes

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7
Q

lysozymes

A

antimicrobial proteins found in many bodily secretions - nonspecifically breaks down bacterial cell walls

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8
Q

sebaceous glands are found in the __

A

skin

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9
Q

purpose of sebaceous glands

A
  1. has oil that is an addtl barrier

2. fatty acids in sebum (oil) possess antimicrobial properties

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10
Q

cilia

A

hair like projections found in respiratory tract, sweep away unwanted stuff

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11
Q

true or false: stomach acid acts as a physical barrier

A

true

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12
Q

true or false: symbiotic bacteria can outcompete pathogenic bacteria to prevent infection

A

true

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13
Q

When does inflammatory response begin?

A

if protective wall is penetrated like if you cut yourself

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14
Q

Describe how inflammatory response is initiated (2)

A
  1. mast cells detect injury at nearby cells

2. histamine is released which widens capillaries to inc blood flow, capillary walls are more permeable

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15
Q

SLIPR

A

5 signs of inflammation: swelling, loss of function, increased heat, pain, redness

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16
Q

Process of cells moving from capillaries to tissues is called:

A

diapedesis

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17
Q

Many WBCs are drawn to the site of injury via:

A

chemotaxis

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18
Q

Platelets are nucleate/anucleate?

A

Anucleate

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19
Q

What role do platelets play in the innate immune system?

A

regulate the regulation and maturation of macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells. acts as 1st responder when pathogens enter bloodstream

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20
Q

What are the 4 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

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21
Q

5 main types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes/macrophages > eosinophils > basophils

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22
Q

neutrophil, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells are ____

A

phagocytes

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23
Q

___% of leukocytes are neutrophils

A

40-70

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24
Q

natural killer cells attack and kill:

A

virus-infected cells or cancerous body cells

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25
Q

What do natural killer cells use to kill cells?

A

perforin and granzymes

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26
Q

perforin

A

perforated pathogenic cell membranes, causing cell lysis

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27
Q

granzymes

A

protease which stimulates target cell apoptosis

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28
Q

Do NK cells express antigen-specific receptors?

A

No (but T cells do)

29
Q

Monocytes are found in the ___ and mature into:

A

blood; macrophages

30
Q

How do monocytes mature into macrophages?

A

cross into infected tissue through diapedesis

31
Q

Which leukocyte functions as an antigen presenting cell?

A

macrophages

32
Q

Eosinophils

A

especially effective against parasites

33
Q

Which leukocytes are filled with granules containing pathogen-killing proteins?

A

eosinophils, basophils

34
Q

Basophils contain:

A

histamine and heparin

35
Q

Heparin

A

type of anticoagulant which prevents blood from clotting too quickly

36
Q

basophils are similar in function to:

A

mast cells

37
Q

How are basophils different from mast cells?

A

they leave bone marrow already mature and circulate in blood, mast cells remain immature until they cross into tissues

38
Q

dendritic cells are like:

A

surveillance guards in tissues detecting potential threats

39
Q

____ scans its local environments via pinocytosis

A

dendritic cells

40
Q

Once dendritic cells detect pathogen, it:

A

phagocytoses the pathogen

41
Q

True or false - dendritic cells also play the role of antigen-presenting cells

A

true

42
Q

Where do dendritic cells activate adaptive immunity?

A

migrate to lymph nodes along with macrophages

43
Q

both macrophages and dendritic cells use ___ ___ ___ to recognize parts of conserved molecules that belong to microbes

A

toll like receptors (TLRs)

44
Q

___ is secreted by virus-infected cells to warn nearby non-infected cells

A

interferon

45
Q

interferons help activate:

A

dendritic cells

46
Q

there are about __ proteins included in the complement system

A

30

47
Q

Complement system functions: (3)

A
  1. allowing for opsonization by binding C3b to antigens and tagging them for phagocytosis
  2. amplifying inflammatory responses
  3. lysing pathogen membranes via proteins that poke holes in pathogen membrane
48
Q

certain complement proteins can bind to mast cells to trigger:

A

stronger histamine release

49
Q

Describe the membrane attack complex:

A
  1. group on the membrane of a pathogen, poke holes in membrane
  2. salts and fluids enter pathogen
  3. pathogen bursts (lysis)
50
Q

How does our immune system recognize self from non-self?

A

MHC

51
Q

All nucleated body cells bear ___ molecules on cell surface

A

MHC class I

52
Q

___ have the same MHC I expression on their cells

A

identical twins

53
Q

MHC molecule is made of:

A

alpha 1,2,3 and beta-microglobulin protein chains

54
Q

If a patient requires an organ transplant, what do they need to take?

A

immunosuppressants - lowers/eliminates immune system’s response to the foreign organ due to different MHC class I expression

55
Q

APCs specifically have MHC _ on their cell surface

A

II

56
Q

After APCs phagocytose pathogen:

A

loads antigen onto MHC and presents it to immune cells

57
Q

Antigens can be presented on:

A

either MHC I or II

58
Q

___ is the part of the antigen that is recognized by immune cells/bind to them

A

epitope

59
Q

B and T cells are

A

lymphocytes

60
Q

Where are B and T cells produced

A

bone marrow

61
Q

B cells mature and stay in the:

A

bone marrow

62
Q

T cells mature in the:

A

thymus

63
Q

Which antibodies are monomers

A

IgE, IgD, IgG

64
Q

IgM structure

A

pentamer (largest antibody)

65
Q

First type of antibody produced after exposure to antigen

A

IgM

66
Q

IgM binds to antigen and activates:

A

complement system

67
Q

IgA structure

A

dimer

68
Q

Which antibody is found mostly in body secretions

A

IgA

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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