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DAT Biology > Chapter 11.4 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11.4 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

soma

A

cell body of the neuron, contains nucleus

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2
Q

dendrites

A

receive signals from previous neurons

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3
Q

Axon

A

part of the neuron that sends signals to the axon terminal and passed onto next neuron

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4
Q

Axon hillock

A

connects axon to cell body, summated graded potentials

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5
Q

myelin sheaths are formed by ____ in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

myelin sheaths are formed by ___ in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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7
Q

how does myelin sheath allow action potentials to travel faster down the axon?

A

insulated the axon from undergoing ion exchange, can only occur at nodes of ranvier

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8
Q

saltatory propagation/conduction

A

action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to the next

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9
Q

When a neuron is stimulated, it is ____ and the membrane becomes ___ ____

A

depolarized; less negative

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10
Q

When a neuron is stimulated, __ ___ ___ are opened

A

Na+ gated channels

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11
Q

When the threshold potential is reached,:

A

more Na+ gated channels open, membrane potential becomes more positive creating action potential

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12
Q

Once the membrane potential reaches its max potential:

A

the neuron will repolarize

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13
Q

How does neuron repolarize?

A

K⁺ gated channels open up, causing K⁺ outflow out of the neuron

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14
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane potential goes lower than resting state, makes it more challening for another AP to fire

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15
Q

refractory period can be ___ or ___

A

absolute or relative

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16
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

a second stimulus cannot generate another action potential no matter how powerful it is. Na+ gated channels remain inactivated

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17
Q

relative refractory period

A

sufficiently powerful stimulus can cause an action potential to occur - voltage gated sodium channels are no longer inactivated, but the neuron is still hyperpolarized

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18
Q

When an AP reached the end of the presynaptic axon: (4)

A
  1. voltage gated calcium channels open
  2. Ca²⁺ ions to flow into the presynaptic neuron
  3. triggers synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane
  4. via exocytosis release the neurotransmitters they contain into the synaptic cleft
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19
Q

EPSPs

A

generated by excitatory nt’s; cause NA+ gated gates to open, neuron fires AP

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20
Q

IPSPs

A

generated by inhibitory neurotransmitters; cause K⁺ ion gates to open, which results in a K⁺ outflow, more hyperpolarized, harder to fire AP

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21
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs are:

A

graded potentials

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22
Q

True or false: graded potentials always cause AP to fire

A

false - they vary in magnitude.

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23
Q

an action potential will fire down the axon if:

A

the sum of EPSPs and IPSPs is higher (less negative) than the threshold potential

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24
Q

APs are:

A

all or nothing (either it fires or not at all)

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25
Q

which amino acids act as NTs

A

glutamate, GABA, glycine

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26
Q

glutamate

A

main excitatory NT of the CNS, most abundant in the vertebrate nervous system; NT of neuromuscular junction in invertebrates

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27
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory NT of the brain

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28
Q

glycine

A

inhibitory NT of the CNS (spinal cord, brainstem, retina)

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29
Q

Amino acid derived NT’s

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin (5HT)

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30
Q

epinephrine

A

excitatory postsynaptic NT of sympathetic nervous system

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31
Q

norepinephrine

A

excitatory postsynaptic NT of sympathetic nervous system

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32
Q

dopamine

A

excitatory NT involved in reward motivated behavior

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33
Q

serotonin

A

inhibitory NT of the brain involved in mood, appetite, sleep, learning, increases contraction of GI tract in response to food intake

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34
Q

what neuropeptide can act as NTs

A

short chain amino acids, such as substance P, have diverse roles

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35
Q

gasotransmitter NT

A

nitric oxide

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36
Q

nitric oxide

A

NT causes smooth muscle relation, in blood vessels causes vasodilation leads to dec BP

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37
Q

true or false: nitric oxide is stored in vesicles

A

false - synthesized and released on demand

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38
Q

Acetylcholine

A

excitatory NT of neuromuscular junction in vertebrates; presynaptic NT of PNS and SNS; postsynaptic NT of PNS

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39
Q

glial cells

A

non-neuronal cells that nourish, support, protect the neurons by making sure the conditions are perfect for neuronal health

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40
Q

microglial cells

A

specialized macrophages which protect the CNS

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41
Q

macroglia

A

include astrocytes, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, satellite cells, ependymal cells

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42
Q

most abundant type of glial cell

A

astrocytes

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43
Q

function of astrocytes

A
  1. help provide blood supply to CNS neurons
  2. recycle neurotransmitters
  3. maintain proper ion levels
  4. help to form the blood-brain-barrier
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44
Q

blood-brain-barrier

A

selectively semipermeable membrane that covers the brain and regulates the passage of substances from the blood into the brain

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45
Q

satellite cells

A

similar function to astrocytes but function in the PNS - support ganglia

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46
Q

ependymal cells

A

create CSF for CNS

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47
Q

one oligodendrocyte can myelinate:

A

several neurons

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48
Q

one schwann cell can myelinate:

A

only a single neuron

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49
Q

during embryonic development, brain can be divided into _ areas:

A

3; forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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50
Q

forebrain develops into:

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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51
Q

midbrain develops into:

A

mesencephalon

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52
Q

hindbrain develops into:

A

metencephalon, myelencephalon

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53
Q

telencephalon gives rise to:

A

cerebrum

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54
Q

diencephalon gives rise to:

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

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55
Q

mesencephalon gives rise to:

A

midbrain

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56
Q

metencephalon gives rise to:

A

pons, cerebellum

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57
Q

myelencephalon gives rise to:

A

medulla oblongata

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58
Q

frontal lobe function

A
  • decision making, problem solving, judgement, planning for future, consequences of actions
  • works with limbic system for memories and emotions
  • attention/ concentration
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59
Q

temporal lobe function

A

speech/language, hearing

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60
Q

occipital lobe function

A

vision

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61
Q

parietal lobe function

A

spatial/visual perception, toucj/pain/temperature sensation and integration

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62
Q

somatosensory cortex function

A

major receptive area for touch

63
Q

somatomotor cortex function

A

initiation of motor impulses

64
Q

corpus callosum function

A

connects two hemispheres of the brain

65
Q

cerebellum function

A

fine tuning motor inputs, balance, coordination

66
Q

midbrain function

A

relays senses to higher functioning parts of brain (vision, hearing)

67
Q

pons function

A

relays messages between forebrain, cerebellum, medulla; sleep and dreaming

68
Q

medulla oblongata function

A

maintains vital body functions (HR, BP, breathing rate), toxin sensation, vomiting

69
Q

thalamus function

A

relay center of the brain - sensory function is routed from the body to the thalamus, which directs the impulse to other areas of the brain

70
Q

limbic system includes:

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

71
Q

hypothalamus function

A

produces ADH, regulated homeostasis, thirst, hunger, temperature, ANS, controls pituitary gland

72
Q

hippocampus function

A

learning/memory (long term)

73
Q

amygdala

A

emotion (anger, fear, sadness), controls aggression, motivation, libido

74
Q

sensory neurons enter and innervate the ___ ___ via __ ___

A

spinal cord; dorsal roots

75
Q

motor neurons exit and send signals to the ___ via the ___ ___

A

muscles; ventral roots

76
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to a mechanical stimuli (such as touch and sound)

77
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to painful stimuli

78
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to temperature-related stimuli.

79
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemical stimuli

80
Q

Electromagnetic (light) receptors

A

respond to light, electricity, and magnetic stimuli

81
Q

peripheral nervous system can be divided into:

A

somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system

82
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movement of the body, specifically the activity of skeletal muscles

83
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls the involuntary movement of the body, such as the activity of effector organs and involuntary muscles

84
Q

autonomic nervous system can be divided into:

A

SNS and PNS

85
Q

Main effects of sympathetic nervous system

A
  1. release of sugar
  2. increase in heart rate
  3. dilation of bronchi and bronchioles
  4. dilation of the pupil
86
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

resting/relaxing - controls passive actions

  1. relaxation of muscles
  2. decrease in heart rate
  3. maintenance of homeostasis
  4. increase in gastrointestinal activity
87
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

88
Q

True or false: PNS and SNS have the same length of pre- and post ganglionic nerves

A

false - they are different

89
Q

In the PNS, preganglionic nerves are __ and postganglionic are ___

A

long; short

90
Q

Ganglia of the PNS are ___ to effector organs

A

close

91
Q

In the SNS, preganglionic nerves are __ and postganglionic are ___

A

short; long

92
Q

The ganglia of the SNS are typically ____ the effector organs

A

further away from (compared to PNS)

93
Q

PNS uses acetylcholine for:

A

both preganglionic and postganglionic neurotransmitter

94
Q

SNS uses acetylcholine for:

A

only as preganglionic neurotransmitter

95
Q

SNS uses ___ and ___ for postganglionic NT

A

norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E)

96
Q

SNS preganglionic neurons also directly stimulate ____ to release NE/E into the blood

A

adrenal medulla

97
Q

___ ___ transfers the vibrations of pulsatile sound waves from the outer ear to the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

98
Q

middle ear is composed of:

A

3 bones (ossicles): malleus, incus, stapes

99
Q

__ connects to the oval window

A

stapes

100
Q

oval window

A

membrane bound opening which separates the middle ear from the inner ear; transfers vibrations from the stapes to the cochlea

101
Q

What happens to the vibratory signal when it reaches the oval window?

A

signal if amplified due to smaller surface area than tympanic membrane

102
Q

external auditory meatus

A

ear canal

103
Q

nitric oxide is a ____ that causes:

A

gasotransmitter; smooth muscle contraction

104
Q

How does nitric oxide affect blood vessels?

A

causes vasodilation –> decreases BP

105
Q

What is the connective tissue between the sclera and retina of the eye?

A

choroid

106
Q

How many different types of taste receptor cells cover the tongue?

A

5 (salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umami)

107
Q

How many different types of taste receptor cells cover the tongue?

A

acetylcholine; acetylcholine

108
Q

Where does the optic nerve exit the back of the eye?

A

optic disc

109
Q

What is the pathway of a sound wave?

A

tympanic membrane; ossicles; oval window; cochlea; auditory nerve; temporal lobe

110
Q

Where does the optic nerve exit the back of the eye?

A

rods

111
Q

What are the components of the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

112
Q

The mesencephalon gives rise to which brain structure(s)?

A

developed midbrain

113
Q

During which period is it impossible to fire another action potential?

A

absolute refractory period

114
Q

Which of the following describes the membrane potential of a neuron during a relative refractory period?

A

hyperpolarized

115
Q

Where in the neuron do graded potentials summate?

A

axon hillock

116
Q

Which of the following is a function controlled by the hippocampus?

A

long-term memory

117
Q

The sympathetic nervous system releases which neurotransmitter in its preganglionic synapse and which neurotransmitter in its postganglionic synapse?

A

acetylcholine; norepinephrine and epinephrine

118
Q

Which part of the brain relays messages between the forebrain, cerebellum, and medulla?

A

Pons

119
Q

Which of the following is another term for motor neurons?

A

efferent

120
Q

When inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) cause chloride channels to open, what is the direction of Cl- flow?

A

Inflow

121
Q 
Which of the following is responsible for high acuity vision?
A. Pupil
B. Lens
C. Cornea
D. Fovea
A

D. Fovea

122
Q

High acuity vision

A

the ability to visually discern sharp details

123
Q

___ is the most densely packed with the highest concentration of photoreceptors (cones)

A

Fovea

124
Q

The metencephalon gives rise to which brain structure(s)?

A

pons and cerebellum

125
Q

What brain structures make up the brainstem?

A

pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata

126
Q 
Which of the following structures allows the cochlear membrane to expand and vibrate?
A. Oval window
B. semicircular canals
C. round window
D. stapes
A

C. round window

127
Q

What type of membrane is the blood-brain-barrier?

A

semi-permeable

128
Q

Approximately what percentage of optic nerves travel to the fovea?

A

50%

129
Q

Where do the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system exist in relation to their effector organs?

A

close to the organs

130
Q

Which brain structure connects to the vagus nerve?

A

medulla oblongata

131
Q

Which of the following is directly involved in re-establishing the membrane resting potential after the refractory period?

A

Na+/K+ ATPases

132
Q

What brain structure controls balance and coordination?

A

cerebellum

133
Q

The activity of which of the following muscles is controlled by the somatic nervous system?
A. Cardiac muscles
B. Smooth muscles
C. Skeletal muscles

A

C. Skeletal muscles

134
Q

The lens refracts incoming light to focus on which part of the eye?

A

retina

135
Q

What term describes the process of conducting a mechanical signal to a nerve signal?

A

transduction

136
Q

What brain structure receives signals from the thalamus to give us the conscious perception of smell?

A

orbitofrontal cortex

137
Q

Which of the following accurately describes the term “cornea”?

A

the transparent front portion of the eye that covers the iris and pupil

138
Q

Cataracts occur when opacities form in which part of the eye?

A

Lens

139
Q

First part of the eye that light encounters

A

Cornea

140
Q

___ is the transparent front portion of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil

A

cornea

141
Q

___ does not contain any blood vessels or photoreceptors

A

Cornea

142
Q

___ curvature cannot be altered

A

Cornea

143
Q

Which part of the eye gets sliced in LASIK?

A

Cornea

144
Q

After the cornea, light reaches:

A

iris (pupil more specifically)

145
Q

___ controls how much light enters the eye

A

pupil

146
Q

After the iris/pupil, light hits the:

A

lens

147
Q

Sclera

A

protective connective tissue layer containing collagen and elastin (white part of the eye)

148
Q

Choroid

A

connective vascular tissue between sclera and retina

149
Q

Taste buds differ in

A

size, appearance, function

150
Q

When taste receptors are stimulated, information sent to

A

thalamus –> gustatory cortex

151
Q

Nasal cavity contains __ types of olfactory receptor cells

A

1000

152
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

gives us perception of smell, sends signals to thalamus

153
Q

___ gives us conscious perception of smell

A

orbitofrontal cortex

154
Q

Pathway of smell

A

olfactory receptor cells –> olfactory cortex –> thalamus –> orbitofrontal cortex or amygdala

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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