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DAT Biology > Chapter 11.8 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 11.8 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Villi are located in the:

A

small intestine

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2
Q

Why are villi important?

A

increase surface area of small intestine to increase the efficiency of absorption

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3
Q

On top of each villus, there are tiny projections known as:

A

microvilli

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4
Q

Function of microvilli

A

further expand the surface area to help in nutrient absorption

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5
Q

____ are the absorptive cells that make up the villi

A

enterocytes

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6
Q

Enterocytes are lined with:

A

microvilli

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7
Q

Crypts

A

invaginations in the wall of the small intestine

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8
Q

Crypts contain what kind of cells?

A

those that secrete enzymes and that produce epithelial cells

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9
Q

Within the structure of a villus, there are:

A

lacteals (blood capillaries and lymphatic capilary)

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10
Q

What is absorbed into villus blood capillary?

A

glucose and amino acids

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11
Q

What is absorbed into villus lymphatic capillary?

A

fatty acid and glycerol

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12
Q

When is secretin released?

A

when chyme enters small intestine

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13
Q

Secretin stimulates:

A

the panceas to secrete HCO3- (bicarbonate) into duodenum via pancreatic duct

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14
Q

What hormones are released when chyme enters small intestine?

A

secretin, CCK

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15
Q

CCK function

A
  1. slows down gastric emptying
  2. signals pancreas to release digestive enzymes
  3. signals gallbladder to release bile
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16
Q

What does bile do?

A

emulsifies fat into small droplets (mechanical, not chemical digestion!!)

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17
Q

Pancreas secretes what enzymes?

A
  1. pancreatic amylase
  2. pancreatic lipase
  3. trypsinogen (activated by enteropeptidase to make trypsin)
  4. chymotrypsinogen (activated by trypsin to make chymotrypsin)
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18
Q

How does the liver perform blood maintenance?

A
  1. stores blood
  2. filters and detoxifies blood coming from the digestive system
  3. erythrocyte destruction via kupffer cells
  4. bacteria destruction via kupffer cells
  5. chemical/drug detox
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19
Q

How does the liver perform glucose metabolism?

A

via glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

How does the liver perform protein metabolism?

A
  1. synthesizing plasma proteins (albumin)
  2. synthesizing non-essential amino acids
  3. converts dangerous ammonia to urea for safer excretion
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21
Q

Pathway of digested food in large intestine

A

cecum –> colon –> rectum –> anus

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22
Q

3 main functions of the large intestine

A
  1. water absorption (though 95% absorbed by small intestine)
  2. mineral absorption
  3. vitamin production and absorption
23
Q

Large intestine produces what vitamins?

A

B and K (via mutualistic relationship with bacteria)

24
Q

What serves as an entrance to the gastric glands?

A

Gastric pits in the stomach’s lining

25
Q

What types of molecules do stomach enzymes mainly serve to help break down?

A

Fats and proteins

26
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that lines the gastric glands?

A

lamina propria

27
Q

Where are parietal and chief cells located?

A

gastric glands

28
Q

Zymogen

A

inactive precursor of an enzyme

29
Q

What triggers the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

Low pH

30
Q

Why are enzymes that digest proteins produced and stored as zymogens?

A

so that the enzyme-producing cell does not digest itself

31
Q

What is a common cause of peptic ulcers?

A

Acid corrosion

32
Q

What is the function of stomach acid?

A

kill bacteria, denature proteins, provide favorable environment for pepsin

33
Q

What is the optimal pH for pepsin function?

A

2

34
Q

What type of cells secrete mucus in order to protect the small intestine?

A

Goblet cells

35
Q

Where are bicarbonate ions secreted from?

A

Pancreas

36
Q

Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions into the small intestine?

A

Secretin

37
Q

What hormone is released by cells in the lining of the duodenum?

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

38
Q

Enteropeptidase is secreted from:

A

glands in the duodenum

39
Q

Which enzymes perform similar functions on the same kind of biomolecule?

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin - both digest proteins into amino acids

40
Q

Where does most erythrocyte destruction take place?

A

spleen

41
Q

What is NOT a component of blood maintenance in the liver?

A

erythrocyte synthesis

42
Q

What happens to bilirubin in the liver?

A

secreted into bile

43
Q

What process is most active in our liver between meals?

A

glycogenolysis

44
Q

What molecules does the liver typically use to synthesize glucose?

A

glycerol and amino acids

45
Q

What type of proteins does the liver mainly synthesize?

A

Plasma proteins (albumin)

46
Q 
Which of the following is not made in the liver?
A. Blood clotting factors
B. Non-essential amino acids
C. Hemoglobin
D. Urea
A

C. Hemoglobin

47
Q

What is a source of ammonia build-up in the body?

A

Protein metabolism

48
Q

What part of the digestive tract is the appendix connected to?

A

Cecum

49
Q

At which point of the digestive tract is water absorption completed?

A

Colon (5% done here)

50
Q

Where are feces stored prior to being expelled from the body?

A

Rectum

51
Q

What is not a function of the large intestine?

A

Nutrient absorption

52
Q

What condition occurs when too little water is absorbed?

A

Diarrhea

53
Q

What is NOT a function of bacteria in our large intestines?

A

Producing vitamin D

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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