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204 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Passive immunisation?

A

No immune response in recipient, by giving antibodies from a donor

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2
Q

Active immunisation?

A

Recipient develops a protective adaptive immune response

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3
Q

Reduction in mortality worldwide by vaccines is?

A

3 million per year

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4
Q

Variolation?

A

Smallpox virus, from South Asia, take fluid from pustules of recovering individuals and injected under skin of recipient

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5
Q

Jenner?

A

Fluid from cowpox lesions to prevent small pox infection,

Live attenuated vaccine

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6
Q

Examples of passive immunisation?

A

Immunoglobulin replacement in antibody deficient

VZV prophylaxis e.g during exposure during pregnancy

Anti-toxin therapies e.g snake anti-serum

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7
Q

What to do with VZV exposure during pregnancy?

A

VZV igG

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8
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Vaccination of sufficient numbers impact the transmission dynamic so that even unimmunised individuals are at low risk

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9
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

By generating a long lasting, high affinity igG antibody response

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10
Q

What is in a vaccine?

A

Antigen

Adjuvants- immune potentiators to increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine

Excipients- diluents and additives for vaccine integrity

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11
Q

Subunit of vaccine?

A

Toxoids,
Capsular polysaccharide
MRNA

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12
Q

What is attenuation?

A

Removing pathogenicity of an organism by culturing ex Vivo in non-physiological conditions

E.g measles mumps rubella polio bcg cholera zoster. VZV live influenza

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13
Q

Disadvatage of live vaccines?

A

Become wild type, pathogenic e.g vaccine associated poliomyelitis 1 in 750,000

Storage problems, short half life

Immunocompromised individuals may develop clinical disease

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14
Q

Varicella zoster?

A

1 infection- chicken pox

Remains in sensory ganglia

Reactivation - zoster, in elderly causing neuropathic pain

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15
Q

How effective is VZV vaccine?

A

95%,

With 3-5% have mild varicella infection post vaccine

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16
Q

Safety concerns of VZV vaccine

A

Increase in zoster because less grandchildren with chicken pox so no boosting

Disease shift to unvaccinated adults- who have VZV less tolerated

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17
Q

How much reduction in zoster incidence after vaccination?

A

50%

18
Q

What is poliomyelitis?

A

Enterovirus establishes infection in oropharynx and GI tract, spread to peters patch thru lymphatic

Haematogenous spread

1% develop neurological phase, replication in motor neurones leading to denervation and flaccid paralysis

19
Q

Poliomyelitis vaccines?

A

Sabin oral polio vaccine- live

Salk injected polio vaccine- inactivated

20
Q

Sabin oral polio vaccine?

A

Side effect associated paralytic polio,

Virus recovered from stool

21
Q

Where does tb live?

A

In phagolysosomes of macrophages

22
Q

What happens in TB immune response?

A

Macrophages present TB antigen to MTB specific CD4 T cells which secrete IFN-g this activates macrophages to encase tB in granuloma

23
Q

What does tb look like on x ray?

A

Calcified lesion, Ghon focus

24
Q

Tb vaccination done by?

A

BCH, done through mycobacterium bovis, aims to increase Th1 IFN-g cells responses to m bovis

Given by intradermal injection

25
Q

How effective is BCG?

A

80 in disseminated TB and TB meningitis

26
Q

How to kill organism?

A

Formaldehyde

27
Q

What can’t killed vaccines do?

A

Illicit CD8 response

28
Q

Examples of killed vaccines?

A

Hepatitis A

Influenza

29
Q

Influenza antibody respond to?

A

Heamagglutinin and neuramidase surface antigens

30
Q

Pandemic influenza cause by?

A

Major antigenic shift

Animal influenza combines with human influenza

31
Q

Subunit vaccines include?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria
Clostridium tetani
Bordatella pertussis

Stimulate antibody response, which neutralise toxin

32
Q

Which organisms have thick polysaccharide coats?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae and neisseria meningitidis

33
Q

How to tackle polysaccharides capsules?

A

Vaccine conjugation, protein carrier attached to polysaccharide antigen

34
Q

Recombinant protein subunit vaccine examples?

A

Hep b surface vaccine

HPV vaccine- empty particles

35
Q

What do adjuvants do?

A

Bind to pattern recognition receptors on antigen presenting cells.

LPS alum

36
Q

Novel adjuvants are?

A

Toll like receptor ligand e.g CPG repeats

37
Q

Live vaccines benefit?

A

Give CD8 response

Boosting not required

Secondary protection to unvaccinated individuals

38
Q

MRNA vaccines?

A

Codes for critical pathogen antigens

Given by vector lipid Nano-particle

E.g Pfizer and moderna

39
Q

What is the aim of zoster vaccination?

A

Boost memory T cell responses to vzv

40
Q

Viral vector?

A

Benign virus with genes to encode for antigen

AstraZeneca- simian adenovirus

204 (58 decks)

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