MSI Immunology

Question 1

A process in which epitopes relevant to the pathogen are shared with host antigens (seen as “self-antigens,” resulting in the subsequent development of AI dz

Answer 1

molecular mimicry

Question 2

Which MHC class is typically involved in the presentation of viral peptides to a CD4 cell, leading to T cell activation?

Answer 2

MHC Class II

Question 3

What type of immune cell reacts strongly to “self-peptides” and initiates a state of inflammation?

Answer 3

activated T cells

Question 4

Autoimmune haemolysis that occurs after infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia is an example of

Answer 4

molecular mimicry

Question 5

An inflammatory dz occurring about 1-5 weeks after Streptococcal infection (such as after untreated Strep throat or Scarlet fever) affecting heart, joints, skin, and brain is known as

Answer 5

Rheumatic fever

NB: another example of molecular mimicry

Question 6

What type of antibodies are though to cross react with connective tissue in cases of Rheumatic fever?

Answer 6

anti-Streptococcal Abs

Question 7

In a person who is genetically susceptible to developing T1DM, a viral infection may stimulate the production of Abs against a viral protein that triggers an AI response against antigenically similar ____ ____ molecules

Answer 7

beta cell

Question 8

85% of T1DM patients have circulating _____ ____ Abs, and the majority also have detectable anti-insulin Abs before receiving insulin therapy.

Answer 8

islet cell

Question 9

The most commonly found islet cell Abs are those directed against _______________, an enzyme found within pancreatic beta cells

Answer 9

glutamic acid decarboxylase

Question 10

In T1DM, _______ _____ Abs are detectable for months/years before the onset of clinical disease

Answer 10

islet cell

Question 11

Symptoms of hyperglycaemia typically don’t develop until about _____ % of the beta cells are destroyed.

Answer 11

80-90

Question 12

The major defined genetic risk factor for T1DM are

Answer 12

HLA class II alleles (such as DR3 or DR4)

Question 13

Which molecules are thought to present relevant islet cell antigens to CD4 T cells in the development of T1DM?

Answer 13

HLA class II DR3 and DR4

Question 14

Protein 2C from the _________ virus has homology with islet cell Ag glutamic acid decarboxylase (as a potential precipitating event for the development of T1DM)

Answer 14

Coxackie virus

Question 15

________________ may influence the activation of T cells and B cells that are potentially auto-reactive

Answer 15

Infection

Question 16

Immune complexes are cleared by ______; the process is enhanced by phagoycte Fc receptors and C3b receptors

Answer 16

phagocytes

Question 17

We use ____________ to detect the presence of autoimmunity in patients, either from a serum sample or tissue sample from a biopsy

Answer 17

immunofluorescence

Question 18

Steps of ______ _____________: used to detect the presence of antibodies in the blood

1. Incubate: Patient serum containing (or not) relevant antibodies is placed on a glass slide with tissue of interest, harvested from an animal source
2. Detect: Add detection Ab labelled with fluorescent marker
3. Read: Look for fluorescence under a microscope (only happen while UV radiation is present)

Answer 18

Indirect immunofluorescence

Question 19

________ _______________: Detects Abs bound to tissue

1. Prepare tissue biopsy/slide: Biopsy is taken from the affected tissue in the patient (eg skin, kidney). If damage is mediated by Ab, Ab will already be stuck to its Ag in the tissue
2. Detect: Add detection Ab labelled with fluorescent marker
3. Read: Look for fluorescence under the microscope (UV light)

Answer 19

Direct immunofluorescence

Question 20

__________ ELISA: Sample is coated onto the plate and the Ag in the sample, also known as the analyte, is detected by antibodies. Sandwich and competitive ELISAs both have plates that are coated with Abs.

Answer 20

Direct

Question 21

_________ ELISA: the plate is coated with capture Ab which binds the analyte and a second conjugated detection Ab binds the analyte and modulates that detection reaction

Answer 21

Sandwich

Question 22

____________ ELISA: Utilises a conjugate, an analyte Ag coupled to a detection reagent, which competes with the analyte for binding. The more analyte is contained in the sample, the less conjugate will be bound and the lower the enzyme-mediated signal will be

Answer 22

Competitive

Question 23

What is the importance of distinguishing monogenic diabetes from DM1 and DM2?

Answer 23

They all require a different approach to treatment

Question 24

Immunologic ________ operates to prevent randomly generated self-reactive T and B cell receptors from triggering auto immunity

Answer 24

tolerance

Question 25

_________ is accomplished by the induction of apoptosis in the lymphocyte expressing the autoreactive receptor or by the process of receptor _________, in which the autoreactive receptor is replaced with a newly rearranged one

Answer 25

Purging, editing

Question 26

Purging and tuning of the autoreactive receptors are the two strategies used to maintain immunologic

Answer 26

tolerance