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KMMS > Neurotransmitters; NMJ to myocyte > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters; NMJ to myocyte Flashcards

1
Q

The two most common neurotransmitters released by the neurons of the ANS are

A
  1. Acetylcholine

2. Noradrenaline

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2
Q

What are the two types of acetylcholine receptors?

A

Muscarinic and Nicotinic

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3
Q

Muscarinic receptors are of what type (of the four different classes of intracellular receptors?)

A

GPCR/ metabotropic

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4
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of muscarinic receptors?

A

M1 - M5

M1 - Neural
M2- Cardiac
M3 - Glands/smooth muscle
M4 - CNS
M5- CNS
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5
Q

Muscarinic receptors are located post-synaptically in _________ muscle, __________ muscle, and ________.

A

smooth, cardiac, glands

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6
Q

Nicotinic receptors are what type of receptors? (Of the four types)

A

Ionotropic

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7
Q

What is the main ion that passes through nicotinic receptors?

A

Mainly sodium channels, but some potassium can also go through

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8
Q

This neurotransmitter contracts smooth muscle, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

What is the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Describe the action of acetylcholine

A
  1. Contracts smooth muscle
  2. Dilates blood vessels
  3. Increases bodily secretions
  4. Slows heart rate
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11
Q

Norepinephrine acts on what type of receptors?

A

Adrenoreceptors (metabotropic/GPCR)

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12
Q

What tissues contain alpha-adrenoreceptors?

A

Blood vessels of organs and tissues (except skeletal muscle)

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13
Q

Which substances act on alpha adrenoreceptors? (Two hormones and one drug)

A
  1. Noradrenaline
  2. Adrenaline
  3. Isoprenaline
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14
Q

What is an antagonist that blocks the activity of alpha-adrenoreceptors?

A

Phentolamine

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15
Q

In what tissue would you find beta1 adrenoreceptors?

A

Cardiac

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16
Q

In what tissue would you find beta2 adrenoreceptors?

A

LUNGS, uterus, muscle, and coronary vessels

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17
Q

In what tissue would you find beta3 adrenoreceptors?

A

Adipose tissue

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18
Q

Which substances act on beta adrenoreceptors? (hint: same 3 as alpha adrenergic receptors)

A
  1. Noradrenaline
  2. Adrenaline
  3. Isoprenaline
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19
Q

Which type of receptor is sensitive to upregulation and downregulation? (Think of beta blockers)

A

Beta adrenergic receptors

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20
Q

What is an antagonist that blocks beta-adrenergic receptos? (Beta1?)

A

Propranolol

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21
Q

Which neurotransmitters are catecholamines?

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

AKA Norepinephrine and epinephrine

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22
Q

Beta receptors are associated with what type of beta subunit on the GPCR?

A

G alpha S

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23
Q

Beta receptors associated with G alpha subunit activate which enzyme?

A

Adenylate cyclase

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24
Q

Adenylate cyclase activates which second messenger?

A

cAMP

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25
Q

alpha 1 receptors are assiated with which G alpha subunit?

A

G alpha q

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26
Q

G alpha q is associated with which enzyme?

A

Phospholipase C (activates)

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27
Q

Activating phospholipase C is associated with which second messengers?

A

IP3 and DAG

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28
Q

What ion is associated with increasing PLC, IP3, and DAG?

A

Calcium

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29
Q

alpha 2 receptors are associated with which G alpha subunit?

A

G alpha i (i for inhibit)

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30
Q

Beta receptors (1,2 and 3) are associated with which G alpha subunit?

A

G alpha s (s for stimulate)

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31
Q

The action of this neurotransmitter is vasoconstriction of blood vessels, increase BP, increase contraction of the heart, increases blood glucose and increasescirculating free fatty acids.

A

Norepinephrine

32
Q

What is the most important neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

33
Q

This neurotransmitter is secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

A

Adrenaline/epinephrine

34
Q

What is the role of adrenaline?

A

To produce a sympathetic response

35
Q

What receptors does adrenaline act on?

A

Same as norepinephrine: alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1/2/3 receptors

36
Q

Drugs can mimic or block the actions of NT’s at their receptors. Name four types of receptors found within the nervous system (think of the four main neurotransmitters)

A
  1. Cholinergic
  2. Adrenergic
  3. Serotonergic
  4. Dopaminergic
37
Q

What is the main degredation method for adrenergic neurotransmitters?

A

Re-uptake

Though NT can also be metabolised by enzymes such as MAO and COMT

38
Q

Neurotransmitters can be metabolised by which enzymes? (Two examples mentioned in lecture)

A

MAO

COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase)

39
Q

Sympathomimetic drugs ___________ the sympathetic nervous system

A

stimulate

40
Q

What type of drugs (a general term) inhibit the action of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympatholytic

41
Q

In what condition could you use a muscarinic antagonist? (Think lungs, opposing parasympathetic response)

A

Asthma (results in bronchdilation)

42
Q

What type of drug is used in cases of severe hypotension, such as in shock? (Drug that acts on which receptors?)

A

alpha 1 adrenergic AGONISTS are systemic vasoconstrictors used in the treatment of shock

43
Q

What condition would an alpha 1 antagonist be used to treat?

A

Hypertension, as an alpha 1 ANTAGONIST would lower blood pressure

44
Q

Name the drugs that act as adrenergic agonists

A
  1. Adrenaline

2. Isoprenaline

45
Q

Name the drug that is an alpha 1 adrenergic ANTAGONIST

A

Phentolamine

46
Q

What is the drug that is a Beta 2 adrenergic agonist?

A

Salbutamol (asthma)

47
Q

Name a beta adrenergic ANTAGONIST

A

Propranolol

48
Q

Specialised intercellular connections between a neuron and a muscle are called…
(don’t overthink it!)

A

Neuromuscular junctions

49
Q

Which neurotransmitter acts at the skeletal-NT junctions?

A

Acetylcholine

50
Q

Acetylcholine is synthesized in the ___________ and packaged into synaptic __________.

A

cytosol, vesicles

51
Q

What initiates the action potential in the muscle cell? (hint: binding of a NT)

A

The binding of ACh to receptors in the motor end plate

52
Q

What is the membrane of the myocyte called?

A

The sarcolemma

53
Q

What structure expands the surface area of the myocyte, allowing action potentials to propogate into and towards the centre of the cell?

A

T-tubules

54
Q

Vesicles bud off the __________ and are loaded with ACh

A

endosome

55
Q

The key role of the endosome in the neuromuscular junction is the ____________ of vesicles.

A

recycling

56
Q

Fusion of the vesicles with the membrane is __________ dependent.

A

Calcium

57
Q

A sarcomere is the region from one _______ to the next ________.

A

Z line, Z line

58
Q

A large structural protein within sarcomeres

A

Titan

59
Q

What happens after T tubules depolarise (during excitation-contraction coupling)?

A

calcium channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum open

60
Q

During excitation-contraction coupling, what happens after calcium levels increase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum? (Interaction of two proteins; two words)

A

Myosin interacts with actin - crossbridge cycling

61
Q

Once the myosin-binding sites are exposed, and if sufficient ____ is present, myosin binds to actin to begin cross-bridge cycling.

A

ATP

62
Q

After the sarcomere contracts________ is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ________ pumps.

A

Calcium, calcium

63
Q

Influx of which ion results in the physical change in the organisation of the thin filaments (actin) in cross-bridge cycling? (Due to voltage change in sarcoplasmic reticulum)

A

Calcium

64
Q

Which ion is KEY in excitation contraction coupling? (Depolarises membrane?)

A

Calcium

65
Q

What chemical change in ATP results in a change to the head group angle in the crossbridge cycle?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP –> ADP

66
Q

This is the stage of the crossbridge cycle where the release of a phosphate changes the head-group angle, causing the thin filament to move relative to the thick filament.

A

the power stroke

67
Q

A single contraction of a muscle fibre

A

twitch

68
Q

This is where a myocyte continuously generates its maximal force for a prolonged period (2x twitch duration)

A

Tetany

69
Q

Breathing ceases after death, which means cells rapidly deplete levels of _______

A

ATP

70
Q

The lack of ________ after death means ________ cannot be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

ATP, calcium

71
Q

Crossbridge cycling contraction continues to occur after death because _______ remains high in the sarcoplasm

A

calcium

72
Q

Rigor mortis: The crossbridge cycle stops just after the ________ _______ with myosin still bound to actine (with the muscle contracted).

A

power stroke

73
Q

When does rigor mortis end?

A

When the muscle tissue degrades

74
Q

Succinylcholine is what type of drug?

A

ACh agonist. Used to treat muscle weakness in conditions like MG.

75
Q

Curare blocks what type of receptors?

A

Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors

76
Q

Neostigmine and physostigmine are what type of drugs (hint: enzyme inhibitors)

A

Acetylcholinersterase inhibitors. Prevent degredation of ACh. Treats Alzheimers, MG, urinary retention

77
Q

What condition could curare potentially be used to treat?

A

Tetany, as it causes flaccid paralysis

KMMS (58 decks)

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