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KMMS > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the parts of the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Name the three principle parts of a neuron

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body
  3. One axon
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3
Q

Describe the functions of the glial cells in nervous tissue

A

Glial cells:

  • Are supporting cells of the nervous tissue
  • Are non-excitable
  • Bind/support neurons
  • Insulate/myelinate the neurons
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4
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

It controls the activity of the internal organs and vessels

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5
Q

How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves subdivided?

A 
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1-2 Coccygeal
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6
Q

Ventral roots of spinal nerves carry ________ fibres

A

motor

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7
Q

Dorsal roots of spinal nerves carry ________ fibres

A

sensory

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8
Q

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve root is known as a

A

dermatome

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9
Q

In which disease may a dermatome be outlined?

A

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

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10
Q

What is the main difference between cranial nerves and spinal nerves?

A

Cranial nerves emerge directly from the brain or brainstem, whereas spinal nerves emerge from segments of the spinal cord

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11
Q

Nervous tissue is grouped into two main categories

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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12
Q

Cells of the NS that broadly communicate with each other through neurotransmission

A

Neurons

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13
Q

Direction of the nerve impulse conduction is from the cell ____ to the ____ terminal.

A

body, axon

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14
Q

This structure (structures) detect incoming information and conducts impulse towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

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15
Q

Which part of the neuron contains the organelles?

A

Soma (cell body)

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16
Q

This is the part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the soma towards the axon terminal

A

axon

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17
Q

This part of the neuron contains neurotransmitters to be released in the synaptic gap

A

axon terminal

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18
Q

Which cells myelinate neurons in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

Which cells myelinate neurons in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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20
Q

A neuron that have a single axon ONLY is called a

A

unipolar neuron

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21
Q

Primary sensory neurons are typically classified as what type (?polar)

A

Unipolar

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22
Q

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite are called

A

bipolar neurons

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23
Q

What type of tissue has bipolar neurons?

A

Specialised sensory neurons, such as those found in the retina

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24
Q

This type of neuron has one axon and multiple dendrites

A

Multipolar neuron

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25
Q

The majority of the neurons in the brain are of what type?

A

Multipolar

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26
Q

Name the three distinct types of multipolar neurons

A
  1. Motor (spinal cord)
  2. Pyramidal (hippocampus)
  3. Purkinje (cerebellum)
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27
Q

Neurons that convey information from the tissues and organs into the CNS are called

A

Afferent or sensory neurons

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28
Q

Neurons that transmit signals from the CNS to effector muscles are called

A

Efferent or motor neurons

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29
Q

Efferent (motor) neurons can be divided into what two categories of the nervous system?

A

Autonomic or somatic (innervation of skeletal muscle)

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30
Q

The autonomic NS can be divided into what two categories?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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31
Q

What are the most numerous cells of the nervous system?

A

Glial cells (or neuroglial)

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32
Q

Glial cells outnumber neurons by how much?

A

10:1

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33
Q

Oligodendricytes are found only within the

A

CNS

34
Q

Which cells are responsible for the production and maintenence of the myelin sheath within the CNS?

A

Oligodendricytes

35
Q

What is myelin made of?

A

Myelin basic protein and phospholipid

36
Q

These are a network of “delicately ramified” cells that are activated by pathogens. Phagocytic, immune cells.

A

Microglia

37
Q

These cells provide structural support, supply nutrients to the neurons (glucose) and maintain the ionic environment by removing K+ from the CNS. Assist with NT uptake.

A

Astrocyte

38
Q

Which of the neuroglial cells makes up the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes (think Sweet Sweet Sweet Star Star Star, Blood Brain Barrier)

39
Q

What are the two types of synapses that can occur in neurotransmission?

A

Electrical or chemical

40
Q

This type of synapse allows the direct passage of ions and signalling molecules from cell to cell.

A

Electrical

41
Q

Neurons in the hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and retina use what type of synaptic transmission?

A

Electrical

42
Q

The peripheral nervous system is comprised of what type of nerves (two groups?)

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

43
Q

What 3 structures make up the forebrain? (actually one of the structures is comprised of two parts)

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
44
Q

What is the term for the white matter tract that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?

A

The Corpus Callosum

45
Q

The hindbrain is mainly comprised of what structure?

A

The cerebellum

46
Q

The brain stem is in what region of the brain?

A

Midbrain

47
Q

The primary motor cortex is located in what region/lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal lobes

48
Q

This is the part of the brain responsible for executive functions, ability to think and consider, and also houses the primary motor cortex

A

Frontal lobes

49
Q

This region of the brain contains the primary auditory complex

A

Temporal

50
Q

This region of the brain contains the primary somatosensory cortex, responsible for recognition of pain, touch, and proprioception

A

Parietal

51
Q

Which region of the brain contains the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital

52
Q

The hypothalamus is in which region of the brain?

A

Forebrain

53
Q

This is the region of the brain that is most important n maintaining homeostasis. It contributes to control of autonomic NS, endocrine system, thermoregulation, satiety, and circadian rhythms.

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

Damage to the brain stem will most likely be…

A

fatal

55
Q

This structure in the brain is responsible for motor movements, modification of muscular activity, regulating sensory systems, and balance/posture

A

cerebellum

56
Q

The peripheral nervous system is comprised of what three subdivisions?

A
  1. Nerves
  2. Somatic system
  3. Autonomic system
57
Q

Which is the involuntary aspect of teh PNS?

A

Autonomic NS

58
Q

Sympathetic nerves synapse close to the ______ _______

A

vertebral column

59
Q

Nerves conducting a sympathetic response originate from which part of the CNS?

A

Thoracic & lumbar

60
Q

Sympathetic nerve fibres have a ______ pre-ganglionic region

A

short

61
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibres originate from what parts of the CNS?

A

Cranium (brainstem) and sacrum

62
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibres have a ____ pre-ganlionic nerve fibres

A

long

63
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibres synapse near

A

the target organ

64
Q

All preganglionic, sympathetic axons enter the

A

sympathetic trunk

65
Q

Nerve fibres that have long preganglionic region and a short post-ganglionic region are associated with which NT?

A

Acetylcholine

66
Q

Motor neuron axons exit the ________ root of the spinal cord

A

ventral

67
Q

The spinal cord extends from ____ to_____

A

C1 to L1-L2

68
Q

The inner core of the spinal cord is made up of _____ matter, which consists of neuronal ____ ________

A

gray, cell bodies

69
Q

The outer region of the spinal cord is made up of ______ matter, with are _________ axona

A

white, myelinated

70
Q

Spinal nerves exit the spinal canal via the _______ _______ of the corresponding vertebrae

A

intervertebral foramina

71
Q

What are the nerve roots called when they first exit the spinal cord (prior to merging where they become the spinal nerve)?

A

ventral and dorsal nerve roots

72
Q

Spinal nerves are made up of what types of fibres?

A

Motor, somatosensory, autonomic

73
Q

Visceral pain can be referred to the skin (dermatomes), and this is referred to as _________ pain.

A

cutaneous

74
Q

This is an area of skin responsible for sensory input to a single dorsal root

A

Dermatome

75
Q

Pain corresponding with a particular dermatome can indicate possible injury to…

A

spinal cord, nerve root, or a spinal nerve

76
Q

An individual set of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a

A

myotome

77
Q

The functional role of this branch of the nervous system is to quickly mobilise energy and direct blood flow towards the heart

A

Sympathetic

78
Q

The loss of the myelin sheath, leading to axonal conduction block and neurodegeneration

A

Demyelination

79
Q

Is a demyelinated cell the same thing as an unmyelinated cell?

A

No

80
Q

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disorder of the ______

A

CNS

81
Q

Gillan Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating ployneuropathy, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth are diseases demyelinating disorders of the_____

A

PNS

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