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Nutrition > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the leading cause of death in America? What other chronic diseases are connected to a poor diet and sedentary lifestyle?

A

Heart Disease
Overweight and obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer

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2
Q

Definition of a nutrient

A

substances essential for health that the body cannot make or that the body makes in quantities too small to support life

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3
Q

What makes a nutrient essential?

A

-it has a specific biological function
-removal from diet leads to decline in human biological function
-returning the nutrient to the diet before permanent damage occurs; repairs function

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4
Q

6 main classes of nutrients

A

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-water
-vitamins
-minerals

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5
Q

Carbohydrates (CHOS)

A

-major fuel source for body
-provide 4kcal/g
-C6H12O6 = glucose
-organic

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6
Q

Lipids

A

-fats and oils
-provide 9kcal/g
-glycerol+ 3 fatty acid molecules-> triglyceride
-major form of fat in foods
-major form for energy storage in body
-organic

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7
Q

Protein

A

-contains nitrogen
-provide 4kcal/g
-made up of chains of amino acids
-organic

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8
Q

Vitamins

A

-enables chemical reactions in the body
-13 vitamins
-deficiencies lead to fatigue
-4 fat-soluble vitamins= A, D(sun), E, K (can be toxic)
-break down and metabolize other macronutrients
-organic

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9
Q

Minerals

A

-simple, inorganic structures
-not easily destroyed
-major and trace
-breaks down and metabolizes other macronutrients

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10
Q

Water

A

-macronutrient needed in largest amounts
-acts as solvent in body, lubricant, transport medium, temperature regulation medium, and a medium for chemical reactions
-body at least 50%
-inorganic

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11
Q

Macronutrients

A

-needed in large quantities (grams)
-carbohydrate, lipids, protein, water

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12
Q

Micronutrients

A

-needed in small quantities (mcg or mg)
-vitamins and minerals= no kcals

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13
Q

What are the 3 most common nutrient deficiencies seen worldwide?

A

iron, iodine, and vitamin A

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14
Q

What is goiter?

A

iodine deficiency= thyroid gets huge

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15
Q

What is cretinism?

A

iodine deficiency= retardation

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16
Q

Why don’t we see iodine-deficiency in America?

A

iodine salt

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17
Q

What deficiency causes night blindness?

A

vitamin A deficiency= nyctalopia

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18
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

-every bond on every carbon in the chain is filled
-solid @ room temp
-primarily come from animal sources

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19
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

-double bonds
-liquid @ room temp
-primarily come from plant sources

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20
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

A

one double bond
best type of fat to consume

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21
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

A

more than one double bond

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22
Q

Trans fats

A

unsaturated fats that have been processed to change their structure from the cis form to the trans form
-inflammation/heart disease
-partially hydrogenated vegetable oils liquid-> solid (extends shelf-life)
-naturally found in beef & dairy products

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23
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

-monosaccharides
-glucose, fructose (fruit sugar) , galactose

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24
Q

Complex Carbohydrates

A

-chains of monosaccharides
1. Oligosaccharides= typically 3-10 monosaccharides
2. Polysaccharides= many monosaccharides
-cellulose, glycogen, starch

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25
Q

Disaccharides

A

-double sugars
Lactose=milk sugar (glucose + glucose)
Sucrose=table sugar (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + fructose)

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26
Q

Starch

A

storage of glucose in plants

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27
Q

Glycogen

A

-storage of glucose in humans
-liver glycogen= regulate blood glucose (sugar) levels
-muscle glycogen= metabolic fuel

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28
Q

Alcohol

A

7kcal/g

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29
Q

Fibers are?

A

indigestible carbohydrates

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30
Q

Soluble fiber

A

may reduce blood cholesterol levels and blood glucose levels
EX: gums, pectin, mucilage found in beans, fruits, oats

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31
Q

Insoluble fiber

A

adds bulk to the stool, promotes bowel health and regularity
EX: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin found in whole grains and vegetables

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32
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A
  1. Linoleic Acid (omega 6)
    helps create inflammation
  2. Alpa-Linolenic acid (omega 3)
    helps with inflammation
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33
Q

How many amino acids in food? Essential?

A

20 different amino acids in food
9 essential (PVT TIM HLL)

34
Q

Are fat-soluble or water-soluble nutrients more easily destroyed?

A

Water-soluble because they are sensitive

35
Q

Which vitamin can the body produce when the skin is exposed to adequate sunlight?

A

Vitamin D

36
Q

Major Minerals

A

calcium, potassium, sodium

37
Q

Trace Minerals

A

Iron, Zinc, Copper, Iodine

38
Q

Phytochemical

A

physiologically active compounds found in plant foods
-reduce inflammation, improve immunity, protect against cancer

39
Q

Zoochemical

A

physiologically active compounds found in animal foods
-omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics

40
Q

Would a phytochemical in a supplement work as well in the body as the same phytochemical found in fruit?

A

may not be as easily absorbed by the body as those from food sources

41
Q

Functional Foods

A

dietary items that, besides providing nutrients and energy, beneficially modulate one or more targeted functions in the body, by enhancing a certain physiological response and/or by reducing the risk of disease

42
Q

What proportion of Americans consume enough fruits and vegetables every day?

A

1/10

43
Q

What are some issues with the North American diet?

A

-too many kcals
-too much protein and fat from animal sources; too little plants
-too many simple sugar; not enough complex carbs
-diet is high in sodium

44
Q

What are some ways we can improve our diets?

A

-eat more fruits, vegetables, whole-grains, reduced-fat dairy
-more fiber, vitamin, minerals
-decrease sodium
-moderate intake of sugary soft drinks and fatty foods

45
Q

Which factor is most important for food choices?

A

taste

46
Q

What is the difference between hunger and appetite?

A

appetite is triggered by memories, thoughts, emotion, or mood

47
Q

How does household spending on food in America compare with other locations throughout the world?

A

US spends the least

48
Q

Undernutrition (malnutrition)

A

subclinical v clinical

49
Q

Desirable nutrition

A

The body tissues have enough of a nutrient to support normal functions and enough to build and maintain body stores that can be used in
times of need

50
Q

Over nutrition (malnutrition)

A

Consumption of more nutrients or calories than the body needs
Some nutrients are easily stored in the body and can lead to toxicity!

51
Q

Is it possible to be overweight and undernourished?

A

too many calories, too few micronutrients yes

52
Q

What is Healthy People 2030?

A

10-year plan for addressing our nation’s most critical public health priorities and challenges
- reduce proportion of adults with obesity
- reduce household food insecurity and hunger

53
Q

ABCDEs of Nutritional Assessment

A

-anthropometric (body measurements)
-biochemical labs
-clinical assessments
-dietary assessments
-environmental assessments

54
Q

What are some of the limitations of nutritional assessment?

A

-many signs and symptoms of nutritional problems are vague and hard to diagnose
-nutrition research is challenging to conduct

55
Q

Experimental studies

A

introduce an intervention and study effects; randomized

56
Q

Observational studies

A

can be prospective or retrospective

57
Q

Prospective

A

observe a group of people to look for relationships between lifestyle factors or environmental exposures and the development of conditions or diseases

58
Q

Retrospective

A

compare study subjects who have already been diagnosed (cases), with study subjects that don’t have a diagnose (controls). Cases and controls are asked about past exposures to identify associations between exposure and disease

59
Q

What’s at the top of the evidence pyramid?

A

systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials

60
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of disease across populations

61
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

statistical analysis that combines the data/results from multiple scientific studies

62
Q

Systematic Review

A

study that provides a summary of the available literature on a specific topic

63
Q

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

A

study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental or control group

64
Q

What makes RCT the “gold standard”?

A

randomization eliminates much of the bias inherent with other study designs

65
Q

Cohort Study

A

Observational study in which a cohort is followed prospectively for a long period of time

66
Q

What is the Framingham Heart Study?

A

This long-term, multigenerational study is designed to identify common factors or characteristics that contribute to cardiovascular disease
cohort study

67
Q

Case- Control Study

A

Observational study that compares patients who have a disease or outcome of interest (case) with patients who don’t have the disease or outcome (control)

68
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

Observational study that analyzes data from a population at one specific point in time.

69
Q

Case Report

A

Article that describes and interprets an individual case, often written in the form of a detailed story

70
Q

Migrant Study

A

Look at changes in health in people who move from one country to another

71
Q

Double-Blind Study

A

-hypothesis developed around cause, a research group chosen, participants randomly assigned to a group
-placebo given to control group
-intervention given to experimental group

72
Q

Why are Double-Blind Studies difficult to conduct in nutrition?

A

Hard to disguise food

73
Q

Placebo effect

A

a beneficial effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment, which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient’s belief in that treatment

74
Q

Peer-Review

A

evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field
-needs to be unbiased and objective
-essential to the integrity of science; used to maintain scientific rigor and standards, and prove credibility
-best research is published in peer-reviewed journals

75
Q

What does the abstract of a research article tell you?

A

summarizes the study

76
Q

Correlation VS Causation

A

can suggest relationships but cannot prove cause and effect
-only randomized, controlled trials comparing intervention and control groups can definitively confirm causation

77
Q

Cognitive Bias

A

A flaw or error in your thinking or reasoning that leads you to misinterpret information from the
world around you and to come to an inaccurate conclusion

78
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Favoring or seeking out information that confirms your pre-existing beliefs

79
Q

What is the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994?

A

classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbal
remedies, and many other supplements as “foods” – this prevents the FDA from regulating them as rigorously as food
additives and drugs

80
Q

Unlike drugs which must be proven ____ for their intended use before marketing, the FDA must prove a supplement is ____ before it can remove the product from the marketplace or take action to restrict its use.

A

safe and effective
unsafe

Nutrition (12 decks)

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