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Nutrition > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes vitamins essential?

A

body doesn’t make them (organic)

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2
Q

How many essential vitamins are there?

A

13

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3
Q

How many water-soluble vitamins are there?

A

9
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Biotin
Pyridoxine (B6)
Folate (B9)
Cobalamin (B12)
Vitamin C

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4
Q

How many fat-soluble vitamins are there?

A

4- Vitamin A, D, E, K

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5
Q

What are some of the vitamins involved in energy metabolism?

A

B1,B2,B3, PA, and Biotin

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6
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia?

A

Cells are big and immature (Macrocytic)

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7
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

cells are big and too few (Macrocytic)

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8
Q

Which nutrient deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia?

A

Folate deficiency

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9
Q

What are some of the functions of vitamins?

A

-cell growth
-energy metabolism (coenzymes)
-antioxidant defense
-immunity
-blood clotting
-collagen
-neurotransmitter synthesis

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10
Q

How much do humans typically need of vitamins and macronutrients?

A

Macronutrients= g
Vitamins= mcg or mg range

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11
Q

What are some of the conditions associated with an iodine deficiency?

A

goiter and cretinism

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12
Q

What is a pharmacologic dose?

A

very high doses

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13
Q

Which vitamin is supplemented in high doses to lower blood lipid levels?

A

niacin
-brings up HDL levels

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14
Q

One side effect of supplementing niacin in high doses?

A

niacin flush

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15
Q

Vitamin E is more potent in which form?

A

natural form

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16
Q

d prefix

A

natural form

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17
Q

dl prefix

A

synthetic

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18
Q

Which is more biologically active, folate or folic acid?

A

folic acid

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19
Q

What are four vitamins/minerals that are better absorbed when your body produces adequate stomach acid?

A

calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin C

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20
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins absorbed with?

A

dietary fat

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21
Q

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed how?

A

independent of dietary fat

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22
Q

What are some diseases that could impact the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

pancreatic disease, intestinal disease, liver disease

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23
Q

Why are fat-soluble nutrients more likely to cause toxicity side effects?

A

accumulate in adipose tissue

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24
Q

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)

A

cause: alcohol abuse
symptoms: confusion, ataxia, weakness, peripheral neuropathy

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25
Q

Which vitamin does alcohol impair the digestion, absorption, storage of?

A

Thiamin: important in the metabolism of energy, which is why people with WKS experience neurological side effects

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26
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins transport?

A

chylomicrons-> lymphatic system-> bloodstream-> adipose tissue & liver

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27
Q

Water-soluble vitamins transport?

A

absorbed directly into bloodstream and distributed throughout the body

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28
Q

What fat-soluble vitamin is produced by the bacteria in the gut?

A

small amounts of vitamin K and biotin

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29
Q

How are vitamins transported in the body?

A

chylomicrons

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30
Q

Which two fat-soluble nutrients are most likely to cause toxicity side effects?

A

Vitamin A & D

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31
Q

Why are water-soluble vitamins less likely to cause toxicity?

A

excreted in urine

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32
Q

Vitamin toxicity rare?

A

food consumption

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33
Q

What are a few water-soluble nutrients that have a UL?

A

Niacin, B6, Vitamin C, choline

34
Q

Why are deficiency diseases rarer in developed countries?

A

-enrichment
-fortification
-sufficient access to food
-varied diet

35
Q

Clinical deficiency?

A

you can see signs

36
Q

What are the top 3 nutrient deficiencies in the world?

A

Iron, vitamin A, iodine

37
Q

Iron deficiency causes?

A

anemia

38
Q

Iodine deficiency causes?

A

goiter and cretinism

39
Q

Vitamin A deficiency causes?

A

blindness

40
Q

What are some things that affect a food’s vitamin content?

A

-growing conditions
-exposure to heat, light, air, alkalinity
-processing
-storage
-carbon dioxide levels (less nutrition)

41
Q

How does processing impact the nutrient content of a food?

A

losses them

42
Q

Which vitamin is the easiest destroyed?

A

vitamin C

43
Q

Which cooking methods are best for retaining the B vitamins and vitamin C?

A

steaming, stir-frying, microwaving (less water)

44
Q

What are the nutrients involved in enrichment?

A

B1, B2, B3, Folic acid, and Iron

45
Q

What is fortification?

A

adding vitamins or minerals to food that weren’t originally there

46
Q

What is an example of fortification?

A

calcium in orange juice

47
Q

Does enrichment add back all the nutrients lost during processing?

A

no

48
Q

Vitamin A is the leading cause of preventable what in children?

A

blindness

49
Q

What is golden rice?

A

contains beta carotene that can be converted to vitamin A

50
Q

Do carrots and other vegetables/fruits contain pre-formed vitamin A?

A

yes

51
Q

Carotenodermia

A

excessive consumption of beta-carotene
(orange skin)

52
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic

53
Q

ultra-trace minerals

A

super tiny

54
Q

How much do you need per day for a mineral to be classified as major or trace?

A

major: >100mg/day
trace: <100mg/day

55
Q

Major minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, potassium

56
Q

Trace minerals

A

iron, iodine, zinc

57
Q

What’s the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

calcium

58
Q

Where is most of calcium found?

A

bones

59
Q

What are some things that affect absorption?

A

-gut health
-stomach acid production
-minerals can compete with one another

60
Q

What is phytic acid?

A

-binds minerals with a positive charge
-found in fiber

61
Q

What is oxalic acid?

A

-high in calcium, but not bioavailable
-found in leafy, green plants

62
Q

What are some of the minerals that compete with iron for absorption?

A

Calcium, Magnesium, copper

63
Q

Which vitamin improves iron absorption?

A

vitamin C

64
Q

Which vitamin improves calcium absorption?

A

vitamin D

65
Q

How are minerals transported?

A

in the blood

66
Q

What is one mineral that can bind to albumin?

A

calcium

67
Q

If someone has kidney disease, they might have to alter their intake of?

A

phosphorus, potassium, sodium

68
Q

Too much iron in males causes?

A

iron deposits within body tissue (can be toxic)

69
Q

Individual mineral supplements can be contaminated with?

A

lead

70
Q

What is the USP?

A

U.S. Pharmacopeia verifies supplements and tests if supplements are safe to consume

71
Q

What minerals do Americans not consume enough of?

A

-calcium
-potassium (baked potato with skin)
-magnesium (chlorophyll)

72
Q

What are some things people can do to increase their iron intake and absorption?

A

consume vitamin C

73
Q

Heme Iron

A

Meat (more bioavailable)

74
Q

Non-heme Iron

A

Plants (less bioavailable)

75
Q

What is the DSHEA?

A

classified supplements as foods

76
Q

Which government entity oversees dietary supplements?

A

FDA

77
Q

What are a few examples of supplements that may be appropriate for individuals?

A

calcium or iron supplements

78
Q

Women of child-bearing age need this nutrient in sufficient amounts to prevent neural tube defects

A

Folic acid

79
Q

What are the antioxidant nutrients?

A

Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, selenium and zinc

80
Q

Microcytic hypochromic Anemia

A

Iron deficiency and vitamin B6
-cells are small and lack color
-less hemoglobin production

81
Q

Hemorrhagic Anemia

A

Vitamin K deficiency
-loss of RBCs

Nutrition (12 decks)

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