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Nutrition > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of protein foods?

A

tuna, broiled chicken, beef chuck roast, yogurt, kidney beans

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2
Q

What elements are found in protein?

A

nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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3
Q

Carbs and lipids don’t contain which element?

A

doesn’t contain nitrogen

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4
Q

Amino acids

A

-central carbon
-nitrogen group
-acid group
-hydrogen
-side chain (R-portion)

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5
Q

How many essential amino acids?

A

9

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6
Q

How many non-essential amino acids?

A

11

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7
Q

What does it mean for an amino acid to be conditionally essential?

A

essential during infancy, during certain disease states, or following trauma

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8
Q

What are some examples of conditionally essential amino acids?

A

glutamine (experienced trauma) and arginine (trauma) tyrosine (infancy)

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9
Q

PKU

A

prevents phenylaniline-> tyrosine
phenylaniline-> high amounts can be toxic to the brain

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10
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Leucine
Lysine

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11
Q

What are the 3 Branched Chain Amino Acids?

A

-isoleucine
-valine
-leucine (triggers muscle-protein synthesis)

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12
Q

What is transamination?

A

transferring an amino group from one amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form a new amino acid

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13
Q

What is deamination?

A

Amino group is lost from an amino acid and not transferred to another carbon skeleton

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14
Q

Amino acid catabolism (breakdown) generates ___, which is converted to urea by the ___.

A

ammonia, liver

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15
Q

What can happen if the liver is diseased, and ammonia builds up in the blood? Which organ is particularly sensitive to ammonia?

A

brain becomes confused, disorientated, and a coma can result

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16
Q

What are complete proteins?

A

adequate amount of all the essential amino acids
EX: most animal proteins (except gelatin)

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17
Q

What are incomplete proteins?

A

inadequate amount of the essential amino acids
EX: most plant proteins (except soy & quinoa)

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18
Q

What are complementary proteins?

A

combining 2 or more plant proteins to compensate for limiting amino acids
EX: rice & beans, bread & peanut butter

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19
Q

Soy and quinoa are complete or incomplete proteins?

A

complete

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20
Q

Gelatin is complete or incomplete protein?

A

incomplete

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21
Q

What is a limiting amino acid?

A

not present in food in sufficient quantities

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22
Q

What are the bonds linking amino acids called?

A

peptide bonds

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23
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

2 amino acids

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24
Q

What is tripeptide?

A

3 amino acids

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25
Q

What is oligopeptide?

A

4-9 amino acids

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26
Q

What is polypeptide?

A

10 or more amino acids

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27
Q

What is a codon?

A

specific sequence of 3 nucleotide units found within DNA that code for an amino acid needed in protein synthesis

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28
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

nucleus

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29
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

cytosol
requires ATP

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30
Q

What is mRNA?

A

code

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31
Q

What is tRNA?

A

complementary to mRNA

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32
Q

Protein Synthesis

A
  1. gene transcribed to mRNA in nucleus
  2. mRNA travels to cytosol
  3. Ribosomes translate to polypeptide chain
  4. released from ribosome and fold into active 3D form
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33
Q

If a scientist was discussing the primary structure of a protein, they would be talking about?

A

order/sequence of amino acids

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34
Q

Secondary structure of protein includes

A

-alpha helixes
-beta pleated sheets

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35
Q

Tertiary structure represents

A

active, folded protein

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36
Q

What is an example of a quaternary protein structure?

A

hemoglobin

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37
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

valine replaces glutamic acid
difference in primary structure

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38
Q

When is denaturation good?

A

cooking

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39
Q

When is denaturation bad?

A

in body when lose their function

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40
Q

What is protein turnover?

A

body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, repair

41
Q

In the standard American diet, does most of our protein come from animal or plant-based protein sources?

A

animal sources

42
Q

Why should Americans incorporate more plant foods into their diet?

A

plant foods contain more fiber, vitamins and minerals, and phytochemicals
contain no saturated fat or cholesterol

43
Q

Plant-based diet?

A

most consumption is of plant foods

44
Q

What are the 8 common food allergens?

A

peanut/tree nuts, milk products, soy, wheat, eggs, fish/shellfish

45
Q

Which macronutrient within the food triggers the allergy?

A

protein

46
Q

What is BV?

A

biological value: measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein

47
Q

Which food has a BV of 100?

A

egg white protein

48
Q

What is PER?

A

Protein Efficiency Ratio: compares the amount of weight gain of a lab animal consuming protein being studied against the weight gain of lab animal consuming reference protein

49
Q

What is PDCAAS?

A

Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score: calculated by multiplying a food’s chemical score by its digestibility (%DV for protein) (highest score= 1)

50
Q

There are several different ways to asses and evaluate protein quality; which of these ways is the most widely used?

A

PDCAAS

51
Q

When would someone be in positive nitrogen balance?

A

protein intake exceeds protein losses

52
Q

When might someone be in negative nitrogen balance?

A

protein losses exceed protein intake

53
Q

What groups of people should be in positive nitrogen balance?

A

children, elderly, pregnancy, athletes

54
Q

Nitrogen intake?

A

Protein (g)/ 6.25

55
Q

How does cortisol impact protein turnover?

A

increases

56
Q

What is AMDR for protein?

A

10-35%

57
Q

How many pounds are in a kg?

A

2.2lbs

58
Q

What is the RDA for protein for healthy adults?

A

0.8g per kg

59
Q

How does recovery impact protein needs?

A

patients with burns, cancer, and trauma always need more protein

60
Q

How does illness and activity impact protein needs?

A

increases

61
Q

Protein Digestion and Absorption in stomach

A

hydrochloric acid
pepsin
gastrin

62
Q

Protein Digestion and Absorption in small intestine

A

secretin
CCK
proteases

63
Q

Hydrochloric Acid

A

denatures protein & activates pepsin

64
Q

Pepsin

A

breaks long polypeptide chains into shorter chains of AAs

65
Q

Gastrin

A

controls the release of pepsin & HCL

66
Q

CCK

A

stimulates pancreas to release proteases

67
Q

proteases

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

68
Q

secretin

A

stimulates pancreas to release proteases

69
Q

In the body, where does enzymatic protein digestion begin?

A

stomach

70
Q

In what form are proteins absorbed in the body?

A

amino acids

71
Q

How long should infants be breastfed?

A

first 6 months of life

72
Q

Breastfeeding should continue through at least the ___ year of life while complementary foods are introduced

A

first

73
Q

Why shouldn’t infants be given cow’s milk?

A

gastrointestinal bleeding and damage immature kidneys

74
Q

What is albumin?

A

blood proteins that have an impact on fluid balance
(water-magnets)

75
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

collagen

76
Q

What is edema?

A

side effect of low albumin levels
fluid remains in tissue and swells

77
Q

How does protein impact immune function?

A

antibodies (immunoglobulins)

78
Q

Explain how a poor protein intake can have a negative impact on immunity and increase an individual’s likelihood of getting sick

A

without sufficient dietary protein, antibodies cannot be formed and the body’s ability to fight infection is reduced

79
Q

What are some hormones and enzymes made from protein?

A

insulin, thyroid hormones

80
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

carries oxygen

81
Q

What is Retinol-Binding Protein?

A

carries vitamin A

82
Q

What is transferrin and ferritin?

A

carry and store iron

83
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

forms glucose

84
Q

What contributes to your body’s amino acid pool?

A

amino acids from diet and cell breakdown

85
Q

How are amino acids used?

A

synthesis, energy production, and glucose production

86
Q

How many kcal/g do amino acids provide?

A

4kcal/g

87
Q

What happens to the ammonia that is formed from protein metabolism?

A

helps urea synthesis in liver

88
Q

How could liver disease impact this process?

A

no synthesis

89
Q

How might kidney disease impact the excretion of urea from the body?

A

less excretion

90
Q

What are some of the negative impacts of protein deficiency?

A

-fail to grow and develop normally
-experience diarrhea, infections, and diseases at higher rates
-more likely to die early in life

91
Q

Marasmus

A

Cause: not enough kcal or protein
Looks: skin and bone

92
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Cause: moderate kcal and no protein
Looks: swollen belly (ascites)

93
Q

Do we produce enough food to feed the world? If so, why are people hungry?

A

conflict, distribution problems, waste

94
Q

What are some potential issues with over-consuming protein?

A

dehydration and toxicity

95
Q

What are some nutrients of concern in a poorly planned vegan or vegetarian diet?

A

Iron, vitamin B12, vitamin D, zinc, calcium

96
Q

Why do parents need to be careful with bulky, high fiber, low kcal foods when feeding their children?

A

can cause early fullness and prevent children from consuming enough kcal and nutrients

97
Q

DNA bases

A

A-T
C-G

98
Q

Ig G food tests

A

only tells recent exposure to food. It doesn’t tell you sensitivity to food

Nutrition (12 decks)

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