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Nutrition > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the main minerals in bone?

A

calcium and phosphorus

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2
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

crystal structure that gives bone its strength and rigidity

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3
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

outer, dense shell

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4
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A

adds strength without adding much weight

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5
Q

What does collagen do?

A

allows bone to take impacts

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6
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

bone-building cells

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7
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

bone-resorption cells found on the bone surface

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8
Q

2 situations where osteoblast activity should exceed osteoclast activity?

A

-during times of growth
-when bone is placed under stress (weight-bearing activity)

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9
Q

When is peak bone mass reached?

A

ages 25-30

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10
Q

How does estrogen impact the bones?

A

inhibits bone breakdown by decreasing osteoclast activity

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11
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

absence of menstruation

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12
Q

How does menopause impact estrogen levels?

A

decreased estrogen levels

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13
Q

Where is most of the calcium in the body found?

A

99% in bones

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14
Q

Why is the calcium in the blood so important?

A

helps implement clotting

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15
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

-bone and tooth development and maintenance
-blood clotting
-transmission of nerve impulses
-muscle contractions
-cell metabolism

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16
Q

What happens if blood calcium levels drop?

A

osteoclasts release calcium from the bone

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17
Q

What happens if blood calcium levels go above normal range?

A

weaken bones, create kidney stones, interfere with function of heart and brain

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18
Q

What is hypocalcemic tetany?

A

severely low calcium levels
-lack of parathyroid hormone
effects: numbness and seizures

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19
Q

What is the RDA for calcium for adults?

A

1000mg/d

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20
Q

What is the RDA for calcium for women over 50?

A

1200mg/d

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21
Q

Why does RDA for women over 50 increase?

A

menopause

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22
Q

What are sources of calcium?

A

dairy products, leafy greens, calcium-fortified foods

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23
Q

What is a Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scan?

A

body composition

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24
Q

What factors increase the risk of osteoprosis?

A

-amenorrhea
-low calcium and vitamin D intake
-low PA

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25
Q

The bones most likely to break when an individual has osteoporosis?

A

hip, wrist, and bones in spine

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26
Q

What are some steps that can be taken to prevent osteoporosis?

A

-adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium
-weight-bearing PA

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27
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

hump on back of neck

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28
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

reduced bone mass

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29
Q

Which vitamin promotes and regulates calcium absorption?

A

vitamin D

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30
Q

In order for calcium to become active, hydroxyl group need to be added to two organs:

A

liver and kidney

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31
Q

What are some of the factors that can negatively impact calcium absorption?

A

-lower levels of active vitamin D
-reduced stomach acid secretion
-chronic diarrhea
-large intakes of oxalic acid, phytic acid, dietary phosphorus (dark soda), and polyphenols

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32
Q

Is blood calcium a good indicator of calcium status?

A

poor measure of calcium status because it is maintained within a very narrow range

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33
Q

Role of parathyroid hormone in maintaining blood-calcium levels?

A

pulls calcium from bones
stimulates kidney synthesis of Vitamin D
increases calcium retention

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34
Q

Role of calcitriol in maintaining blood-calcium levels?

A

increases uptake and decreases output

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35
Q

Role of calcitonin in maintaining blood-calcium levels?

A

prevents bones from releasing calcium

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36
Q

What happens when blood calcium levels are low?

A

paraythroid hormone released

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37
Q

What happens when blood calcium levels are high?

A

calcitonin is released

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38
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

overproduction of parathyroid gland

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39
Q

What are the main functions of vitamin D?

A

-maintains skeletal health
-regulates immune function
-regulates secretion of hormones such as insulin, renin, and PTH
-regulates apoptosis

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40
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death
-may play a role in cancer prevention

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41
Q

What are the sources of vitamin D?

A

fatty fish, cod liver oil, fortified milk and breakfast cereal

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42
Q

What is another name for vitamin D2?

A

ergocalciferol (found in plant foods: mushrooms)

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43
Q

What is another name for vitamin D3?

A

cholecalciferol (found in animal foods: produced in skin)
dairy, salmon, egg yolks, fortified orange juice

44
Q

Which form of vitamin D is produced in the skin from cholesterol?

A

7- Dehydrocholesterol-> D3

45
Q

Formation of Active Vitamin D (calcitriol)

A
  1. Vitamin D3: food, supplements, sun exposure
    Vitamin D2: food or supplements
  2. In the liver, Vitamin D converted to calcidiol (circulating form)
  3. In the kidney, calcidiol is coverted to calcitriol (active form)
46
Q

What are some potential causes of a vitamin D deficiency?

A

disease, lack of sunlight, dark-skin pigmentation

47
Q

What are some of the side effects of a vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets and osteomalacia (soft bones)

48
Q

What is the characteristic sign of the vitamin D deficiency disease seen in children?

A

rickets (bowed legs)

49
Q

Why is vitamin D toxicity dangerous?

A

causes calcium deposits within adipose tissue

50
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus?

A

-component of bones and teeth
-component of ATP
-phosphorylation activation of hormones
-plays role in acid-base balance

51
Q

What are sources of phosphorus?

A

milk, cheese, meat, cereals, and dark pop

52
Q

What are the major functions of magnesium?

A

-cofactor
-energy and calcium metabolism
-nerve transmission
-heart and smooth muscle contraction
-glucose and insulin metabolism

53
Q

Why are many plant foods good sources of magnesium?

A

found in chlorophyll

54
Q

Sources of magnesium?

A

green, leafy vegetables

55
Q

Does the average American consume enough magnesium?

A

no

56
Q

What are some of the consequences of a magnesium deficiency?

A

muscle twitches, tremors, and cramps

57
Q

What are 2 functions of fluoride?

A

-supports the deposition of calcium and phosphorus in teeth and bones
-protects against dental caries (cavities)

58
Q

Most Americans get their fluoride from?

A

water

59
Q

What is fluorosis?

A

small spots on the teeth caused by excess fluoride

60
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

nonspecific (things born with)

61
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

specific (develops over time)

62
Q

What are free radicals?

A

fight off pathogenic invaders but if not controlled can be damaging

63
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Maintain integrity of cell by stopping chain reactions caused by free radicals

64
Q

Vitamin E is a family of 8 naturally occurring compounds:

A

4 tocopherols
4 tocotrienols

65
Q

Alpha-tocopherol?

A

form found in foods and is most active form

66
Q

What are some of the functions of vitamin E?

A

antioxidant (donates H+ to lipid radicals)

67
Q

What are a few sources of vitamin E?

A

plant oils, avocado, nuts, seeds

68
Q

Deficiency of vitamin E can lead to?

A

hemolytic anemia

69
Q

Toxicity of vitamin E can interfere with what process?

A

blood clotting because is blood thinner

70
Q

What are some of the functions of vitamin C?

A

-antioxidant (reactivates vitamin E)
-immune function
-collagen formation
-iron absorption

71
Q

How does vitamin C impact iron absorption?

A

creates more acidic environment in stomach to prevent oxidization of ferrous iron

72
Q

Why is vitamin C so important for wound healing?

A

involved in collagen synthesis

73
Q

Why would burn and trauma patients and smokers need more vitamin C?

A

smokers need 35mg or more (promotes oxidation)

74
Q

Sources of vitamin C?

A

citrus fruits, peppers, green vegetables

75
Q

Vitamin C deficiency can cause?

A

scurvy
early signs: fatigue and pinpoint hemorrhages
late signs: gums and joints bleed

76
Q

What is one source of selenium?

A

oysters

77
Q

What is one function of selenium?

A

functions in antioxidant defense network as Glutathione Peroxidase

78
Q

What is the difference between preformed vitamin A an provitamin A carotenoids?

A

preformed vitamin A is active form

79
Q

What is another name for preformed vitamin A?

A

retinoids

80
Q

Sources of vitamin A?

A

liver, fish oils, fortified dairy products, eggs

81
Q

Retinal

A

vision

82
Q

Retinoic acid

A

immune function and growth

83
Q

Retinal and retinoic acid are examples of?

A

preformed vitamin A

84
Q

What are the 3 provitamin A carotenoids?

A

alpha-carotene
beta-carotene
beta-cryptoxanthin

85
Q

Sources of provitamin A carotenoids?

A

dark green and yellow-orange vegetables and fruit

86
Q

Lycopene is a carotenoid found in foods like?

A

tomatoes and pink grapefruit

87
Q

Lutein and zeazanthin are carotenoids that may protect against eye issues like?

A

macular degeneration

88
Q

What is an RAE?

A

Retinol Activity Equivalents
measurement of Vitamin A

88
Q

What is an RAE?

A

Retinol Activity Equivalents
measurement of Vitamin A

89
Q

Sources of vitamin A?

A

beef liver, carrots, kale

90
Q

What are retinyl esters?

A

inactive until fatty acid is removed; converted to retinol

91
Q

Vitamin A absorption?

A

along with fat
animal forms more absorbale

92
Q

How does the digestion and absorption of preformed vitamin A compare with the digestion and absorption of provitamin A carotenoids?

A

preformed vitamin A is more easily absorbed

93
Q

Retinoids are transported bound to?

A

retinol binding protein which is bound to prealbumin

94
Q

Where is vitamin A stored in the body?

A

90% in liver

95
Q

What are functions of carotenoids?

A

-antioxidant
-diets high in this decreased risk of eye diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease

96
Q

What are the functions of retinoids?

A

-immune function
-normal growth and development
-vision
-dermatology

97
Q

Retinal is need to form?

A

rhodopsin (which absorbs light)

98
Q

What is the earliest sign of a vitamin A deficiency?

A

night blindness (nyctalopia)

99
Q

What is xerophthalmia?

A

can advance to total blindness

100
Q

What is xerosis?

A

dryness

101
Q

What are bitot’s spots?

A

white deposit on eye

102
Q

Acute toxicity of Vitamin A

A

dizzy

103
Q

Chronic toxicity of Vitamin A

A

hemorrhages

104
Q

Teratogenic toxicity of Vitamin A

A

fetal malformation or spontaneous abortion

Nutrition (12 decks)

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